Estudios sobre violencia en la educación. Enfoques, textos y contextos

El concepto de la violencia ha estado sobre la palestra desde el principio de nuestras sociedades. No obstante, en la práctica sus facetas son múltiples y en diversos ámbitos, lo que ha dado lugar a especulaciones acerca de los medios y los fines. Esto mismo incita a reflexionar en lo axiológico, pues la violencia alberga en sí un elemento adicional de arbitrariedad y, por lo tanto, se relaciona con aspectos fundamentales del derecho o los derechos humanos. En los ámbitos educativos han aparecido nuevas formas de violencia personal, que se reflejan en el bullying y el mobbing. En el ámbito universitario, existe un malestar que no se palía con estímulos o clientelismos y que se refiere a un tipo de violencia particular soterrada por las políticas públicas y el intervencionismo del Estado, los cuales han provocado tensiones entre las comunidades académicas; éstas tienen que ver con la defensa de los principios de libertad y autonomía de cátedra e investigación. En algunos casos, dichas voces han formulado críticas a los programas impuestos, ya que éstos se establecen sin reflexionar en los costos sociales que provocan en el trabajo académico y científico. De esas formas de violencia se quiere dar cuenta en esta obra, la cual fue desarrollada por la Red de Cuerpos Académicos en Política, Educación y Universidad

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

A quantitative review into the contributions of biological nitrogen fixation to agricultural systems by grain legumes

Legumes play a key role in the sustainable intensification of agricultural systems, improving biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reducing the dependency of food production on nitrogen (N) fertilizers. This review aims to: (i) quantify seed yield per kg of total aboveground N and fixed aboveground N, (ii) study the N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) (as the slope of fixed aboveground N-to-total aboveground N relationship) and its potential, and (iii) estimate the partial N balance and the impact of belowground N on the net contribution of fixed N after seed harvest. We retrieved 83 studies (n = 889 data points) investigating biological N fixation, spanning from 1982 to 2020, and focusing on blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). The overall Ndfa did not change across legumes (0.84 kg fixed aboveground N kg total aboveground N-1), except for common bean (0.57 kg fixed aboveground N kg total aboveground N-1). In addition, common bean showed the lowest potential for the Ndfa (0.95 quantile slope), with the largest N-gap between potential and mean N fixation (0.5 quantile slope). The straw N concentration (r2 = 0.47) was the main contributor to the variation in the partial N balance. The incorporation of the belowground N to estimate overall N balance showed that this fraction is a key component to study the role of legumes in maintaining soil N fertility in agricultural systems. Future studies should accurately quantify both above- and below-ground contribution to N fixation process in order to improve the estimation of field N balances in legume-based systems.Fil: Palmero, Francisco. Kansas State University; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Javier A.. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Garcia, Fernando O.. International Plant Nutrition Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Haro Juarez, Ricardo Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Prasad, P. V. Vara. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Salvagiotti, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros; ArgentinaFil: Ciampitti, Ignacio Antonio. Kansas State University; Estados Unido

Rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) in people living with HIV

ABSTRACTRat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV; species Rocahepevirus ratti) is considered a newly emerging cause of acute hepatitis of zoonotic origin. ratHEV infection of people living with HIV (PLWH) might portend a worse, as with hepatitis E virus (HEV; species Paslahepevirus balayani), and consequently this group may constitute a high-risk population. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ratHEV by measuring viral RNA and specific IgG antibodies in a large Spanish cohort of PLWH. Multicentre study conducted in Spain evaluating PLWHIV included in the Spanish AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Patients were evaluated for ratHEV infection using PCR at baseline and anti-ratHEV IgG by dot blot analysis to evaluate exposure to ratHEV strains. Patients with detectable ratHEV RNA were followed-up to evaluate persistence of viremia and IgG seroconversion. Eight-hundred and forty-two individuals were tested. A total of 9 individuals showed specific IgG antibodies against ratHEV, supposing a prevalence of 1.1 (95% CI; 0.5%−2.1%). Of these, only one was reactive to HEV IgG antibodies by ELISA. One sample was positive for ratHEV RNA (prevalence of infection: 0.1%; 95% CI: 0.08%−0.7%). The case was a man who had sex with men exhibiting a slightly increased alanine transaminase level (49 IU/L) as only biochemical alteration. In the follow-up, the patients showed undetectable ratHEV RNA and seroconversion to specific ratHEV IgG antibodies. Our study shows that ratHEV is geographical broadly distributed in Spain, representing a potential zoonotic threat