Granite Pavement Nitrate Desalination: Traditional Methods vs. Biocleaning Methods

[EN] High levels of nitrate contamination of granite stone are a major problem, affecting large surfaces of many historical monuments, particularly in the north-west of Spain. This study showed a comparison between different traditional and biotechnological desalination methods in order to evaluate the most appropriate cleaning treatment for nitrate desalination of granite. Three types of traditional desalination methods (with cellulose and/or sepiolite) were compared with two types of bacterial denitrifying treatments that used Pseudomonas stutzeri (with cotton wool or with agar 2% as delivery systems). The in-situ tests were carried in the Cristo Chapel of Sta Ma de Conxo in Santiago de Compostela (Spain), which has a high nitrate salt content in its granite pavement. Conductivity and nitrate content measurements, biological monitoring and digital image analysis were performed to determinate the efficacy of each method. The findings showed that both techniques succeeded in reducing salt content, but bio-desalination was the more effective method tested. This work contributes to the practical implementation of BTCH (Biocleaning Technologies for Cultural Heritage) for the bio-desalination of granite surfaces, and to the evaluation of the use of non-destructive cleaning techniques based on digital imaging.This research was partially funded by CONSORCIO DE SANTIAGO, which promotes intervention studies in this building, and Vitruvian Technologies SL.Bosch-Roig, P.; Allegue, H.; Bosch Roig, I. (2019). Granite Pavement Nitrate Desalination: Traditional Methods vs. Biocleaning Methods. Sustainability. 11(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154227111

High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation

[EN] Featured Application This work has developed an innovative and optimized in situ high dimension bio-desalination application protocol that has been applied for the bio-desalination of the 233 m(2) Conxo Chapel granite pavement. This optimized protocol has the potential to be transferable to other large scale in situ biocleaning strategies. Biocleaning technology is based on the use of safe environmental microorganisms for green cultural heritage (CH) restoration. Compared with traditional cleaning products, this biological technique is very specific, effective, and nontoxic. This innovative biotechnological application has been used for recovering diverse monuments and artworks. Most CH in situ surfaces that are treated with microorganisms are small areas; however, some important pathologies, such as salt contamination, can affect high dimension artistic surfaces. The purpose of this study is to analyze and overcome the problems and limitations of scaling up the bio-desalination protocol for in situ applications. Three water-based gel delivery systems and three heating systems were tested in situ and evaluated in terms of performance difficulty, efficacy, and costs. The tests were carried out on the salt contaminated granite pavement of Cristo Chapel of Sta Ma de Conxo in Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Ground agar 2% and a heating electric mat were selected as the best performing systems. The implemented protocol was applied for the bio-desalination of the 233 m(2) Chapel pavement. Conductivity, nitrate-nitrite measurements, biological monitoring, and digital image analysis were performed to determine the efficacy of the treatment. This research allowed for the development of an innovative and optimized in situ, high dimension bio-desalination application protocol transferable to other large scale, in situ biocleaning strategies.This research was funded by CONSORCIO DE LA CIUDAD DE SANTIAGO, which promotes intervention studies in this building.Bosch-Roig, P.; Pérez-Castro, L.; Fernández-Santiago, Á.; Bosch Roig, I. (2021). High Dimension Granite Pavement Bio-Desalination Practical Implementation. Applied Sciences. 11(14):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146458S118111

Algoritmos de detección distribuida en sistemas monosensor

La presente tesis aborda la elaboración de algoritmos de detección distribuida en sistemas monosensor. Tradicionalmente, la detección distribuida se ha aplicado a la fusión de decisiones tomadas por sensores espacialmente dispersos. No obstante, puede ser de utilidad en la implementación de detectores que tratan de explotar diferentes tipos de información sobre las diferencias existentes entre las dos hipótesis sobre las que decidir. El objetivo es sustituir un único detector complejo, cuando no inabordable, por una combinación de detectores más sencillos, implementables a partir de la teoría de detección óptima. Frente a la posibilidad de un enfoque general, se ha preferido focalizar la tesis en dos aplicaciones de especial interés para el grupo de investigación, en cuyo seno se ha desarrollado esta tesis: detección de incendios forestales a partir de señales infrarrojas y detección de ecos en ruido de fondo granular, en ensayos no destructivos por ultrasonidos. En cuanto a la detección de incendios forestales se ha propuesto un esquema de detección que fusiona dos tipos de detectores que hemos denominado detector de persistencia y detector de crecimiento. La idea subyacente es tratar de explotar la misma información que utiliza el propio vigilante humano, al que se trata de reemplazar. El detector de persistencia se basa a su vez en la fusión de decisiones correspondientes a pequeños intervalos de observación consecutivos. En cada intervalo se implementa un detector de filtro adaptado en subespacio que trata de explotar el comportamiento de persistencia en tiempo a corto plazo de un fuego, frente a otros efectos de carácter impulsivo que también pueden producir incrementos de temperatura esporádicos en la celda bajo vigilancia (coches, personas, sol, ). Por su parte el detector de crecimiento trata de explotar mediante un filtro adaptado a un crecimiento de tipo lineal, el esperado crecimiento en temperatura que, a medio y largo plazo, debe producir un fuego desBosch Roig, I. (2005). Algoritmos de detección distribuida en sistemas monosensor [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1898Palanci

Restoration of San Pietro in Montorio church in Roma

[EN] The Church of San Pietro in Montorio (1473-1500), is located on Mount Gianicolo, on the property of the Spanish State, where is the Royal Academy of Spain. In its 517 years of existence, it has experienced extensions (chapels Piedad and Raimondi, seventeenth century), partial landslides (French bombing of 1849 and earthquake of Avezzano in 1915), which together with its geo-hydrological situation, supposedly the realization of inadequate structural reinforcement actions during the twentieth century, producing a significant current state of deterioration. The article gathers the historical-constructive evolution, the inquiries to know the current state of conservation and the causes of the damages, exposing the projected actions to give an adequate response to the problems posed, concreted in: geodetic control of the deformations; thermo-hygrometric and strain-gauge control; new floating and flexible roof structure; desiccation of walls with restoration of stuccos and ornamentation; access solution to the bell tower; pedestrian accessibility to the Church.[ES] La Iglesia de San Pietro in Montorio (1473-1500), se sitúa en el monte Gianicolo, en la propiedad del Estado Español, donde está la Real Academia de España. En sus 517 años de existencia, ha experimentado ampliaciones (capillas Piedad y Raimondi, siglo xvii), derrumbes parciales (bombardeo francés de 1849 y terremoto de Avezzano en 1915), que junto a su situación geo-hidrológica, ha supuesto la realización de inadecuadas actuaciones de refuerzo estructural durante el siglo xx, produciendo un importante estado actual de deterioro. El articulo, recoge la evolución histórico-constructiva, las indagaciones para conocer el estado actual de conservación y las causas de los daños, exponiendo las actuaciones proyectadas para dar respuesta adecuada a los problemas planteados, concretadas en: control geodésico de las deformaciones; control termohigrométrico y extensométrico; nueva estructura-cubierta flotante y flexible; desecación de muros con restauración de estucos y ornamentación; solución de acceso al campanario; accesibilidad peatonal a la Iglesia.Bosch Reig, I.; Bosch Roig, L.; Marcenac, V.; Salvador Luján, N. (2018). Restauración de la iglesia de San Pietro in Montorio de Roma. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 23(33):62-77. doi:10.4995/ega.2018.10403SWORD6277233

Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city

[EN] This research raises as thesis the idea that Linear Park is an urban instrument capable of vertebrate the city and, consequently, of regenerate it. To this end, ten parks strategically located in big cities such as Rio de Janeiro, London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, ​​or in medium or small cities such as Valencia, Castellón or Figueres, have been analyzed. Of this analysis we have deduced some characteristics that are considered key in the linear and transversal vertebration of the city, such as: - Green axis-corridor approach - Sequence of events with integration of public buildings - Continuity derived from the union of different areas - Promotion of active leisure activities, individual or collective: sports, cultural, .... - Capability of relation and regeneration of ecosystems: forest, meadow, orchard, nurseries, water, city, .... - Capability to restore environment, with reduction in CO2, in noise pollution, ... - Establish relations between the city and the territory with definition of natural parks - Contribute to prevent thermal inversion in the city - Establish a beginning and an end as recognizable elements in city. - Confrontation of opposites: static or dynamic; soft (green) or hard (pavement); unitary or fragmentary, cartesian or organic, ... The parks thus understood can be organized in diverse typologies, such us: classic order; in net; upholstery-continuos map; linear order with grooves, tapes or bands; landscaper and naturalist; ... .. The work delves into these themes by recognizing tools of interest such as: harmonic relationship; human scale; non-guided tours; sensory experimentation: spaces, sights, aromas, sounds, colorful, ...; unexpected and random; pragmatic and passionate; order within disorder; activation of spaces without hierarchies or apriorisms; flee from monotony; evocations; ...Bosch Reig, I.; Bosch Roig, L.; Marcenac, V.; Salvador Luján, N. (2018). Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 983-993. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6136OCS98399

A Novel Multi-User Codebook Design for 5G in 3D-MIMO Heterogeneous Networks

[EN] The 2D precoding technology can only adjust the beam in a horizontal direction through data processing, which will cause serious problems for multiuser systems, especially at the edge of the base station it will cause serious inter-cell interference. To solve this problem, in the frequency-division duplex (FDD) 3D-MIMO Heterogeneous network system, the influence of feedback overhead on system performance under limited feedback mechanism is studied using random geometry. Based on the deployment of a uniform planar array (UPA) at the base station, a 3D-MIMO multiuser codebook design scheme based on horizontal transmission angle and the vertical down-tilt angle is proposed, and the codebook design scheme is simulated and analyzed. The results show that the feedback overhead and the micro base station density affect the system throughput and even affect the bit error rate (BER) of the 3D precoding scheme. Compared with the precoding scheme based on 2D and 3D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) codebooks, this scheme greatly reduces the system¿s BER, improves the system¿s throughput, and optimizes system performance.This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant BIA2017-87573-C2-2-P.Arshad, M.; Khan, I.; Lloret, J.; Bosch Roig, I. (2018). A Novel Multi-User Codebook Design for 5G in 3D-MIMO Heterogeneous Networks. Electronics. 7(8):1-17. doi:10.3390/electronics7080144S1177

Joint Interference and Phase Alignment among Data Streams in Multicell MIMO Broadcasting

[EN] For the problem of channel state information (CSI) delay and error, this paper proposes a joint interference and phase alignment algorithm based on Bayesian estimation and power allocation among data streams for multicell, multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channels (MIMO-BC). Firstly, the sender obtains the best estimate of the current CSI through Bayesian estimation. Secondly, the interference suppression matrix is designed by maximizing the ratio of the desired signal power to the intercell interference plus noise ratio (SINR) in the forward link, and in the reverse communication, by maximizing the SINR design precoding. Further, the water-filling algorithm is combined to optimize power allocation among data streams. Finally, the phase alignment is used to rotate the interference between data streams into the signal space of the target receive data stream, thereby enhancing the received power of the target data stream. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has certain performance advantages over other algorithms, whether it is ideal CSI or delay and error CSI.This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant BIA2017-87573-C2-2-P.Shahjehan, W.; Shah, SW.; Lloret, J.; Bosch Roig, I. (2018). Joint Interference and Phase Alignment among Data Streams in Multicell MIMO Broadcasting. Applied Sciences (Basel). 8(8):1-17. doi:10.3390/app8081237S1178

A Novel Codeword Selection Scheme for MIMO-MAC Lower-Bound Maximization

[EN] Aiming at the limitations of the existing Limited Feedback Interference Alignment algorithms, this paper proposes a direct codeword selection scheme that maximizes the lower-bound of the user rate and reduces the sum rate loss by integrating the Bit Allocation algorithm. The target signal is decoded using the maximum signal to interference plus noise ratio (MAX-SINR) algorithm. Moreover, low complexity and global searching mechanisms are deployed to select the optimized codewords from the generated sets of codewords that approach the ideal precoder. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improves the rate lower-bound of the system user as compared with the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.This research was funded by Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espana grant number BIA2017-87573-C2-2-P.Shahjehan, W.; Shah, SW.; Lloret, J.; Bosch Roig, I. (2018). A Novel Codeword Selection Scheme for MIMO-MAC Lower-Bound Maximization. Entropy. 20(8):1-19. doi:10.3390/e20080546S11920

New analysis and extensions of split-spectrum processing algorithms

[EN] In this paper we compare the performances of different variants of split-spectrum algorithms and propose some new extensions based on the use of variable bandwidth filters equally spaced in frequency and energy gain equalized. Signal-to-Noise Ratio Gain and Flaw-to-Clutter Ratio Gain factors were selected as the figures of merit to make the comparisons among the different methods. We considered simulated ultrasonic signals using both stationary and non-stationary models for the grain noise, and real scans obtained in laboratory from low dispersive (aluminum) and high dispersive (cement) materials. Frequency Multiplication (FM) recombination method is revealed as the best option when combined with the new extensions.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Fomento (Spain) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain), and FEDER funds under the projects T39/2006, TEC2008-06728 and TEC2008-02975Rodríguez, A.; Miralles Ricós, R.; Bosch Roig, I.; Vergara Domínguez, L. (2012). New analysis and extensions of split-spectrum processing algorithms. NDT & E International. 45(1):141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.10.001S14114745

Machine Learning Prediction Approach to Enhance Congestion Control in 5G IoT Environment

[EN] The 5G network is a next-generation wireless form of communication and the latest mobile technology. In practice, 5G utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) to work in high-tra_ c networks with multiple nodes/ sensors in an attempt to transmit their packets to a destination simultaneously, which is a characteristic of IoT applications. Due to this, 5G o_ ers vast bandwidth, low delay, and extremely high data transfer speed. Thus, 5G presents opportunities and motivations for utilizing next-generation protocols, especially the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP). However, the congestion control mechanisms of the conventional SCTP negatively influence overall performance. Moreover, existing mechanisms contribute to reduce 5G and IoT performance. Thus, a new machine learning model based on a decision tree (DT) algorithm is proposed in this study to predict optimal enhancement of congestion control in the wireless sensors of 5G IoT networks. The model was implemented on a training dataset to determine the optimal parametric setting in a 5G environment. The dataset was used to train the machine learning model and enable the prediction of optimal alternatives that can enhance the performance of the congestion control approach. The DT approach can be used for other functions, especially prediction and classification. DT algorithms provide graphs that can be used by any user to understand the prediction approach. The DT C4.5 provided promising results, with more than 92% precision and recall.Najm, IA.; Hamoud, AK.; Lloret, J.; Bosch Roig, I. (2019). Machine Learning Prediction Approach to Enhance Congestion Control in 5G IoT Environment. Electronics. 8(6):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060607S12386Rahem, A. A. T., Ismail, M., Najm, I. A., & Balfaqih, M. (2017). Topology sense and graph-based TSG: efficient wireless ad hoc routing protocol for WANET. 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Centralized and Localized Data Congestion Control Strategy for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using a Machine Learning Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(11), 3275-3285. doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2546555Fadlullah, Z. M., Tang, F., Mao, B., Kato, N., Akashi, O., Inoue, T., & Mizutani, K. (2017). State-of-the-Art Deep Learning: Evolving Machine Intelligence Toward Tomorrow’s Intelligent Network Traffic Control Systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(4), 2432-2455. doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2707140Gonzalez-Landero, F., Garcia-Magarino, I., Lacuesta, R., & Lloret, J. (2018). PriorityNet App: A Mobile Application for Establishing Priorities in the Context of 5G Ultra-Dense Networks. IEEE Access, 6, 14141-14150. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2811900Lloret, J., Parra, L., Taha, M., & Tomás, J. (2017). An architecture and protocol for smart continuous eHealth monitoring using 5G. 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Communication channel occupation and congestion in wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 72, 846-858. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.12.049Najm, I. A., Ismail, M., Lloret, J., Ghafoor, K. Z., Zaidan, B. B., & Rahem, A. A. T. (2015). Improvement of SCTP congestion control in the LTE-A network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 58, 119-129. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.09.003Najm, I. A., Ismail, M., & Abed, G. A. (2014). High-Performance Mobile Technology LTE-A using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol: A Systematic Review and Hands-on Analysis. Journal of Applied Sciences, 14(19), 2194-2218. doi:10.3923/jas.2014.2194.2218Katuwal, R., Suganthan, P. N., & Zhang, L. (2018). An ensemble of decision trees with random vector functional link networks for multi-class classification. Applied Soft Computing, 70, 1146-1153. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.09.020Gómez, S. E., Martínez, B. C., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A. J., & Hernández Callejo, L. (2017). 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E.-R., El-Gayyar, M., & Nassar, H. (2019). An adaptive framework for real-time data reduction in AMI. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 31(3), 392-402. doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2018.02.012Louvieris, P., Clewley, N., & Liu, X. (2013). Effects-based feature identification for network intrusion detection. Neurocomputing, 121, 265-273. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2013.04.038Verma, P. K., Verma, R., Prakash, A., Agrawal, A., Naik, K., Tripathi, R., … Abogharaf, A. (2016). Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 66, 83-105. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2016.02.016Hamoud, A. K., Hashim, A. S., & Awadh, W. A. (2018). Predicting Student Performance in Higher Education Institutions Using Decision Tree Analysis. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 5(2), 26. doi:10.9781/ijimai.2018.02.004Lavanya, D. (2012). Ensemble Decision Tree Classifier For Breast Cancer Data. 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