PRARANCANGAN PABRIK BIOETANOL DARI LIMBAH BATANG SORGUM DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 30.000 TON/TAHUN

Prarancangan pabrik Bioetanol ini menggunakan limbah batang sorgum sebagai bahan baku. Kapasitas produksi pabrik Bioetanol ini adalah 30.000 Ton/Tahun dengan hari kerja 330 hari/tahun. Bentuk perusahaan yang direncanakan adalah Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan menggunakan metode struktur garis dan staf. Kebutuhan tenaga kerja untuk menjalankan perusahaan ini berjumlah 156 orang. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Besur, Kecamatan Sekaran, Kabupaten Lamongan, Jawa Timur, dengan luas tanah 24.600 m2. Sumber air pabrik Bioetanol ini berasal dari Sungai Bengawan Solo dan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik diperoleh dari Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dan Generator dengan daya 1580,96 kW.Hasil analisa ekonomi yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Fixed Capital Investment= Rp 276.347.977.9532. Working Capital Investment= Rp 48.767.290.2273. Total Capital Investment= Rp 325.115.268.1804. Total Biaya Produksi= Rp 481.671.026.0345. Hasil Penjualan= Rp 656.347.837.0036. Laba bersih= Rp 131.007.608.2277. Pay Out Time (POT)= 3 tahun, 2 bulan8. Rate Of Return (ROR) = 40,29%9. Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) = 66,07%.10. Break even Point (BEP) = 32

POTENSI DAUN BIDURI SEBAGAI PENGHASIL SENYAWA BIOAKTIF UNTUK PENGHAMBAT PROTEIN SARS-COV-2 SECARA IN-SILICO

Biduri adalah salah satu tanaman yang dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antivirus. Sars-Cov-2 adalah virus yang menyerang sistem pernapasan. Sejak berjangkitnya virus corona (COVID-19), sampai saat ini para peneliti sedang dan terus melakukan penelitian mencari senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dijadikan sebagai penghambat protein Sars-Cov-2. Pada penelitian ini sampel daun diekstrak menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% lalu dianalisis dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Massa (GC-MS). Protein dari Main Protease (6LU7) dan Spike Glycoprotein (6VXX) pada Sars-Cov-2 diprediksi dengan molecular docking software. Hasil pengujian GC-MS C. gigantea lokasi Ie Broek terdapat 16 senyawa bioaktif dengan kandungan yang beragam dan senyawa bioaktif yang ditemui dengan kandungan tertinggi berturut-turut adalah lupenyl acetate (21,35%), phytol (17,26%), dan beta-amyrenyl acetate (8,89%), sedangkan Alue Naga terdapat 16 senyawa bioaktif dan kandungan dan yang tertinggi berturut-turut yaitu lupenyl acetate (26,08%), beta-amyrenyl acetate (11,04%) dan urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-,methyl ester (9,43%). Nilai binding affinity ligan Ie Brouk dengan reseptor 6LU7 dan 6VXX memperoleh nilai affinitas tertinggi seperti urs-12-en-24-oic acid 3-oxo methyl ester dengan nilai -15.1 kkal/mol (6VXX) dan -12.3 kkal/mol (6LU7), lupenyl acetate dengan nilai -14.3 kkal/mol (6VXX) dan -11.1 kkal/mol (6LU7) sedangkan nilai binding affinty antara ligan Alue Naga dan reseptor 6LU7 dan 6VXX memperoleh nilai affinitas tertinggi seperti urs-12-en-24-oic acid 3-oxo methyl ester dengan nilai -15.1 kkal/mol (6VXX) dan -12.3 kkal/mol (6LU7), hop-22 (29)-en-3beta-ol dengan nilai -14.5 kkal/mol (6VXX) dan -11.5 kkal/mol (6LU7). Hasil molekular docking antara senyawa tersebut menunjukkan hasil yang sangat baik. Semakin besar nilai affinitas antara ligan dan reseptor maka terjadi pengikatan yang sangat baik. Afinitas pengikatan yang tinggi ini didukung oleh banyaknya ikatan hidrogen antara ligan dan reseptor.Kata kunci: Sars-Cov-2, COVID-19, Biduri, manifestasi geotermal, Ie Brouk, Alue Naga, metabolit sekunde

QSAR Classification of Beta-Secretase 1 Inhibitor Activity in Alzheimer's Disease Using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms

This study focuses on the development of a machine learning ensemble approach for the classification of Beta-Secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitors in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis. BACE1 is an enzyme linked to the production of amyloid beta peptide, a significant component of Alzheimer's disease plaques. The discovery of effective BACE1 inhibitors is difficult, but QSAR modeling offers a cost-effective alternative by predicting the activity of compounds based on their chemical structures. This study evaluates the performance of four machine learning models (Random Forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and Extra Trees) in predicting BACE1 inhibitor activity. Random Forest achieved the highest performance, with a training accuracy of 98.65% and a testing accuracy of 82.53%. In addition, it exhibited superior precision, recall, and F1-score. Random Forest's superior performance was a result of its ability to capture a wide variety of patterns and its randomized ensemble approach. Overall, this study demonstrates the efficacy of ensemble machine learning models, specifically Random Forest, in predicting the activity of BACE1 inhibitors. The findings contribute to ongoing efforts in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery research by providing a cost-effective and efficient strategy for screening and prioritizing potential BACE1 inhibitors

Evaluating Geothermal Power Plant Sites with Additive Ratio Assessment: Case Study of Mount Seulawah Agam, Indonesia

Indonesia, a country rich in geothermal resources, has yet to fully exploit its potential, particularly in volcanic regions like Mount Seulawah Agam. This study investigates the application of the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method for the site selection of Geothermal Power Plants (GPP) in Indonesia. The ARAS method provides a systematic approach to evaluating and prioritizing geothermal development sites by integrating multiple criteria, including geological, environmental, and socio-economic factors. The study collects data from various sources and weights criteria using the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA), incorporating expert opinions. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the ARAS method in identifying optimal locations for GPP development, ensuring sustainability and feasibility. The study also tests the ARAS method in existing GPP locations in Jaboi, Sabang, Indonesia, to investigate alignment with the results and validate the approach. Furthermore, the study presents recommendations for GPP site selection. This research emphasizes the significance of multi-criteria decision-making techniques in facilitating renewable energy projects. It promotes a more systematic and informed approach to geothermal energy development in Indonesia and other geothermal-rich regions

Characterizing the Size Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles Biofabricated Using Calotropis gigantea from Geothermal Zone

This research aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea obtained from the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The C. gigantea leaf extract was mixed with AgNO3 solutions at concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The mixture was stirred at 80 rpm by a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours in the dark. The change in solution color indicated the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. The resulting AgNPs synthesized using C. gigantea leaf extract (AgNPs-LCg) exhibited cloudy grey, reddish dark brown, and light brown colors when synthesized with AgNO3 concentrations of 2, 5, and 9 mM, respectively. The particle sizes of AgNPs-LCg had maximum frequencies at 246.98 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 2 mM), 93.02 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 5 mM), and 171.25 nm (synthesized using AgNO3 9 mM). The zeta potential values of AgNPs-LCg using 2, 5, and 9 mM AgNO3 were -41.9, -40.1, and -31.4 mV, respectively. Based on the solution color, nanoparticle size, and stability value of AgNPs, it can be concluded that the use of AgNO3 at 5 mM is optimal for the green synthesis process of AgNPs-LCg

Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticle Composite Spheres and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles–chitosan composite particles sphere (AgNPs-chi-spheres) has been completed and its characterization was fulfilled by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zetasizer nano. UV–vis spectroscopy characterization showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres gave optimum absorption at a wavelength of 410 nm. The XRD spectra showed that the structure of AgNPs-chi-spheres were crystalline and spherical. Characterization by SEM showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of 20% of NaOH, resulted in the lowest average particle sizes of 46.91 nm. EDX analysis also showed that AgNPs-chi-spheres, with the addition of a 20% NaOH concentration, produced particles with regular spheres, a smooth and relatively nonporous structure. The analysis using zetasizer nano showed that the zeta potential value and the polydispersity index value of the AgNPs-chi-sphere tended to increase with an increased NaOH concentration. The results of the microbial activity screening showed that the AgNP-chi-Spheres with highest concentration of NaOH, produced the highest inhibition zone diameters against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, with inhibition zone diameters of 19.5, 18.56, and 12.25 nm, respectively

Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Using Calotropis gigantea from Ie Seu-Um Geothermal Area, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Herein, we report our success synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from the leaves and flowers of Calotropis gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. C. gigantea aqueous extract can be used as a bio-reductant for Ag+→Ag0 conversion, obtained by 48h incubation of Ag+, and the extract mixture in a dark condition. UV–Vis characterization showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs-leaf C. gigantea (AgNPs-LCg) and AgNPs-flower C. gigantea (AgNPs-FCg) appeared in the wavelength range of 410–460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) revealed the agglomeration and spherical shapes of AgNPs-LCg and AgNPs-FCg with diameters ranging from 87.85 to 256.7 nm. Zeta potentials were observed in the range of −41.8 to −25.1 mV. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay revealed AgNPs-FCg as the most potent antimicrobial agent with inhibition zones of 12.05 ± 0.58, 11.29 ± 0.45, and 9.02 ± 0.10 mm for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the leaves or flowers of Calotropis gigantea may be used in the green synthesis of AgNPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities

Protective effects of acehnese traditionally fermented coconut oil (Pliek U Oil) and its residue (Pliek U) in ointment against UV light exposure: studies on male Wistar rat skin (Rattus novergicus)

A protective effect of Acehnese traditionally fermented coconut oil (Pliek U oil) and its residue (Pliek U) have been studied against UVB radiation. The research was performed by preparing the active ingredient in ointment formulation and protective test in male Wistar rat skin (Rattus novergicus). Four different extraction methods were done to produce four active ingredients, that are Pliek U oil (PUO), ethanolic Pliek U oil extract (EPUOE), ethanolic Pliek U extract (EPUE), and ethanolic hexane residue Pliek U extract (EHRPUE). The protective effect was determined based on the erythema index (EI), melanin index (MI), and level of protein oxidation parameters. The protective level from each active ingredient was studied by PCA analysis. The result showed that the active ingredient could inhibit the redness and protein oxidation in skin tissue. PCA results show that concentration (20 v. 40%) does not affect the protection level of the active ingredients of Pliek U oil, but it does affect the one of Pliek U. Therefore, these active ingredients are potential for sunscreen application