Genetic diversity of parental and offspring populations in a Pinus merkusii seedling seed orchard detected by microsatellite markers

A seedling seed orchard (SSO) of Pinus merkusii was established by planting representatives of selected families from thirteen districts of Java Island, Indonesia over six years (1978-1983). The genetic diversity of the parental populations planted each year, and their offspring populations, was analyzed and compared using five microsatellite markers. The genetic differentiation among parent trees representing different districts was very small (FST=0.008), indicating (in accordance with previous proposals) that the genetic origins of the material in the SSO are limited. Consequently, values of FIS and L-D were significantly high in the parental populations. Differences in the values of genetic diversity parameters were statistically significant between the parental populations and their offspring populations. HE and Ne were higher in the offspring (mean=0.545 and 606.2, respectively) than in the parental populations (mean=0.489 and 486.5, respectively) in most of the blocks. The FST value of among population was smaller for the offspring populations that for the parental populations, 0.029 and 0.038, respectively. The results suggest that mating was random, or nearly random, and that gene flow was extensive in the orchard. New alleles were detected in offspring populations that were not found in the corresponding parental populations, indicating that gene flow from other blocks within the SSO, or from outside the SSO, has occurred.インドネシア，ジャワ島の13地域の人工林から選抜された家系を用いて1978年から1983年の間に造成された実生採種園において，母樹集団とそれから生産された次世代集団の遺伝的多様性を，5個のマイクロサテライトマーカーにより明らかにした。選抜地域間の遺伝的分化は，FST=0.008と小さかった。このことから，採種園の遺伝的由来は限られていることが分かった。その結果として，母樹集団ではFISが有意に大きくL-Dが高かった。遺伝的多様性のパラメーターの値は，母樹集団と次世代集団では有意に異なっており，ヘテロ接合度の期待値（HE）と集団の有効サイズ（Ne）は，次世代集団で平均0.545，606.2と，母樹集団のそれ（0.489と486.5）よりも高かった。FSTの値は次世代集団間で0.029，母樹集団間で0.038と次世代で集団間の分化程度が低かった。これらの結果から，採種園内で任意交配あるいはそれに近い交配が起こっており，遺伝子流動が盛んであることが推察された。次世代集団で母樹集団にはない新たな対立遺伝子が見られることから，他のブロックや採種園の外部からの園外花粉の流入が生じていることが示唆された

The Approach in Selecting the Best Genetic Resistance against Invasive Aphid for Indigenous Tropical Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese in Indonesia

Pinus merkusii, a natural tropical pine species of Indonesia, is cultivated as the second most important artificial forest for the industry in Java, after teak, to produce oleoresin. Its genetic improvement began in 1977 because of its critical role in raising community incomes. Meanwhile, the effort for genetic improvement in aphid (Pineus boerneri) resistance has just recently started since its spread was only found broadly in Java by 2004. The second-generation progeny trial for this purpose was established in 2010, with materials from the best growing 34 families of the first generation. This study aimed to obtain the best pine genotypes through screening the existing natural variations found on important characters. The reported incidence of the trigger was when the experiment was attacked significantly at 30.7% after four years, while some 67 individuals were unexpectedly still performing well after six years. The results show that blocks affect differences for all traits of diameter, aphid resistance, and oleoresin productions, and all families differ except for the west-side yield of oleoresin production. Furthermore, heritability values at individual and family levels were moderate for the diameter (h2i = 0.16; h2f = 0.53) and eastern oleoresin (h2i = 0.14; h2f = 0.42). The gain is 4.3% when 30% of families with the best diameters are retained, while the genetic gain reaches 11% for oleoresin production. As one of the important traits in the breeding program, aphid resistance has a weakly inherited trait (h2i =0.07; h2f =0.29). Interestingly, this trait shows positive moderate genetic correlations with the two essential economic values of diameter (rg = 0.66) and oleoresin production (rg = 0.40). Therefore, the selection of the diameter and oleoresin production will not substantially affect the resistance

マイクロサテライトマーカーにより検出されたメルクシマツ実生採種園における母樹および次世代集団の遺伝的多様性

A seedling seed orchard (SSO) of Pinus merkusii was established by planting representatives of selected families from thirteen districts of Java Island, Indonesia over six years (1978-1983). The genetic diversity of the parental populations planted each year, and their offspring populations, was analyzed and compared using five microsatellite markers. The genetic differentiation among parent trees representing different districts was very small (FST=0.008), indicating (in accordance with previous proposals) that the genetic origins of the material in the SSO are limited. Consequently, values of FIS and L-D were significantly high in the parental populations. Differences in the values of genetic diversity parameters were statistically significant between the parental populations and their offspring populations. HE and Ne were higher in the offspring (mean=0.545 and 606.2, respectively) than in the parental populations (mean=0.489 and 486.5, respectively) in most of the blocks. The FST value of among population was smaller for the offspring populations that for the parental populations, 0.029 and 0.038, respectively. The results suggest that mating was random, or nearly random, and that gene flow was extensive in the orchard. New alleles were detected in offspring populations that were not found in the corresponding parental populations, indicating that gene flow from other blocks within the SSO, or from outside the SSO, has occurred.インドネシア，ジャワ島の13地域の人工林から選抜された家系を用いて1978年から1983年の間に造成された実生採種園において，母樹集団とそれから生産された次世代集団の遺伝的多様性を，5個のマイクロサテライトマーカーにより明らかにした。選抜地域間の遺伝的分化は，FST=0.008と小さかった。このことから，採種園の遺伝的由来は限られていることが分かった。その結果として，母樹集団ではFISが有意に大きくL-Dが高かった。遺伝的多様性のパラメーターの値は，母樹集団と次世代集団では有意に異なっており，ヘテロ接合度の期待値（HE）と集団の有効サイズ（Ne）は，次世代集団で平均0.545，606.2と，母樹集団のそれ（0.489と486.5）よりも高かった。FSTの値は次世代集団間で0.029，母樹集団間で0.038と次世代で集団間の分化程度が低かった。これらの結果から，採種園内で任意交配あるいはそれに近い交配が起こっており，遺伝子流動が盛んであることが推察された。次世代集団で母樹集団にはない新たな対立遺伝子が見られることから，他のブロックや採種園の外部からの園外花粉の流入が生じていることが示唆された

Assessing the genetic structure of teak from Southeast Sulawesi and its implication for genetic conservation and utilization in Indonesia

AbstractGenetic relationships among teak (Tectona grandis) seed sources have been found to be low, thus genetic materials from other sources are required to maintain broad genetic diversity. This study here is therefore aimed to assess the potency of teak genetic structure in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Leaf materials were sampled from six populations: the villages of Angondara, Anduna (Konawe), Napabalano, Matakidi, Wakuru (Muna) and Wakonti (Buton). One population from Java Island (Kepek) was used as an outgroup. Genetic structures were assessed by using six microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity within populations was moderate (mean expected heterozygosity = 0.544; mean allelic richness = 3.752) as well as the genetic differentiation among the populations (mean FST = 0.085). Dendrogram analysis revealed that the populations were separated into two clusters; the first is Kepek-Angondara, Anduna-Napabalano-Matakidi, Wakuru, and the second is Wakonti. AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was insignificant between regions, but significant among populations. The structural analysis demonstrates the division of populations into two lineages (Java and Southeast Sulawesi populations). Differences in genetic structures indicated that the teak from Southeast Sulawesi may have originated from other sources. Thus, those populations are promising for broadening the genetic base of commercial teak in Java