NAMIRA BEZ UPORABE NOVCA (OBRAČUNSKA NAMIRA, OBRAČUNSKO PLAĆANJE)

U poslovnom svijetu gdje je sve slabija likvidnost pojedinih poslovnih subjekata pribjegava se, odnosno poduzimaju se različite mjere financijske politike kako bi se smanjio intenzitet djelovanja nenaplaćenih potraživanja. U ovom članku obrađuju se i pojašnjavaju te najčešće mjere namira (oblici) bez uporabe novca: kompenzacija, cesija, preuzimanje duga, asignacija te drugi oblici (npr. prijenos vrijed. papira, izdavanje vrijed. papira)

Revitalisation of the Lisičine Arboretum

Arboretum Lisičine nalazi se na Papuku. Njime upravljaju Hrvatske šume d.o.o. Zagreb, Uprava šuma podružnica Našice, Šumarija Voćin. Os no van je 1979. godine, na površini od oko 45 ha. U sjevernom dijelu Ar boretuma nalazi se prirodna bukova šuma. Južni dio, koji je arboretum u užem smislu, podijeljen je na tri dijela: 1. hortikulturni dio na kojem je posađeno ukras no drveće i grmlje, 2. dio zasađen biljkama s područja Europe i Azije i 3. dio zasađen biljkama s područja Amerike. Tijekom Domovinskog rata Arboretum je bio okupiran i devastiran. Dio biljaka se osušio, zasađene biljke nisu primjereno održavane, dosta ih je posađeno preblizu jedna drugoj, a neke su se pokazale invazivne te su se nekontrolirano proširile po ostalim dijelovima Arboretuma. Također je došlo i do zarastanja bagremom, kupinom i drugim samoniklim vrstama. U okviru projekta “Revitalizacija Arboretuma Lisičine”, od 2006. godine radi se na uređenju Arboretuma. Za svaki pojedini slučaj bilo je potrebno odlučiti što treba učiniti kako bi se što više biljaka očuvalo. Dokumentacija o biljkama ne postoji, te se sukcesivno, po poljima, radi na determinaciji i označavanju biljaka. U hortikulturnom dijelu, na dvanaest polja, determinirano je 416 različitih svojti, iz 113 rodova. Od toga su 202 listopadne, a ostale vazdazelene ili zimzelene. Najzastupljeniji rodovi su: Picea (32 različite svojte), Juniperus (23 svojte), Chamaecyparis (23 svojte), Prunus (20 svoj ti), Pinus (15 svoj ti), Thuja (14 svojti), Berberis (13 svojti), Viburnum (13 svojti), Taxus (12 svoj ti), Spiraea (12 svojti), Acer (11 svojti), Cotoneaster (11 svojti), Abies (9 svojti), Cornus (9 svojti), Ilex (9 svojti) i Sorbus (9 svojti). Hortikulturni dio može poslužiti kao ogledni dio za uređenje cijelog Arboretuma te ima prioritet tijekom revitalizacije. Posebnu vrijednost imaju brojni kultivari četinjača, pa se može reći da je Arboretum Lisičine među najbogatijim živim zbirkama različitih svojti četinjača u Hrvatskoj. Zbog vrijednosti i jedinstvenosti Arboretuma Lisičine potrebno je uložiti što je moguće više truda i sredstava kako bi se primjereno uredio, a zatim održavao i služio za edukaciju i znanstvena istraživanja, kao i za odmor i šetnju svih dobronamjernih posjetitelja.The Arboretum Lisičine is located on the Papuk mountain. It is managed by Hrvatske šume d.o.o., Zagreb (Croatian Forests Ltd., Zagreb), Forest Administration Našice, Forest Office Voćin. It was founded in 1979 on an area of about 45 ha. In the northern part of the Arboretum there is a natural beech forest. The southern part, which is the arboretum in the true sense of the word, is divided in 3 parts: 1. horticultural part, on which ornamental trees and shrubs are planted, 2. part planted with European and Asian plants, 3. part planted with American plants. During the Homeland War the Arboretum was occupied and devastated. A part of the plants dried out, some plants were not properly cultivated, many of them were placed too close to each other, and some turned out to be invasive and spread without control over other parts of the Arboretum. In addition, black locust, blackberry bushes and other species started overgrowing the cultivated plants. Since 2006, within the project “Revitalisation of the Lisičine Arboretum”, the arrangement of the Arboretum has been on-going. In each individual case decisions have to be made about what needs to be done to preserve as many plants as possible. There is no documentation about the plants, and the determination and marking of the plants has to be done successively field by field. In the horticultural part, on 12 fields, 416 different taxa of 113 genera have been determined. Of these 202 are deciduous, whereas the others are evergreen or leaf-exchanging. The most represented genera are: Picea (32 taxa), Juniperus (23 taxa), Chamaecyparis (23 taxa), Prunus (20 taxa), Pinus (15 taxa), Thuja (14 taxa), Berberis (13 taxa), Viburnum (13 taxa), Taxus (12 taxa), Spiraea (12 taxa), Acer (11 taxa), Cotoneaster (11 taxa), Abies (9 taxa), Cornus (9 taxa), Ilex (9 taxa) and Sorbus (9 taxa). The horticultural part can serve as the model part for arranging the whole Arboretum, having priority during revitalisation. Numerous conifer cultivars are specially valuable, so that we can say that the Lisičine Arboretum is one of the richest living collections of different conifer species in Croatia. Due to the value and uniqueness of the Lisičine Arboretum, as much effort as possible has to be made for its arrangement and later maintenance, so it can serve for education and scientific research, as well as relaxation and strolls of visitors

Neurobiologija graničnoga poremećaja ličnosti

Granični poremećaj ličnosti (u daljnjem tekstu: GPL) pripada dramatičnoj skupini poremećaja ličnosti, a karakteriziraju ga emocionalna disregulacija, impulzivnost, autodestruktivna ponašanja te nestabilni interpersonalni odnosi u kojima je osoba izrazito osjetljiva na objektivne ili zamišljene znakove napuštanja. Cilj ovoga rada jest cjelovit pregled i sinteza neurobiologije GPL-a. U neurobiološkoj pozadini navedenih simptoma mogu se naći smanjeni volumen amigdala i hipokampusa te disfunkcija frontolimbičkoga sustava, odnosno poremećaj hiperaktivnosti limbičkoga sustava u neugodnim situacijama koju kontrolira prefrontalni režanj – što zbog njegove hipoaktivnosti, a što zbog smanjene povezanosti tih dvaju područja. Postoje i nalazi abnormalne funkcije osi hipotalamus-hipofiza-nadbubrežna žlijezda (što rezultira doživljavanjem veće svakodnevne razine napetosti i većim oprezom od potencijalnih prijetnji), endogenoga opioidnog sustava (preniska bazalna razina endogenih opioida i/ili smanjena osjetljivost endorfinskih receptora) te serotonergičkoga sustava (koji ima ulogu u impulzivnom ponašanju i reguliranju raspoloženja). Srećom, kvalitetna terapija, posebice dijalektička bihevioralna terapija, pokazuje moguće smanjenje simptoma, koje je vidljivo i na neuralnoj razini, što potvrđuje plastičnost ljudskoga mozga te tako daje nadu i alate osobama s GPL-om za uspješnije funkcioniranje i suočavanje sa svakodnevnim problemima

Printmaker and Graphic Designer from Osijek Eugen Sekler

U članku se prikazuje segment opusa osječkog tiskara i grafičkog dizajnera Eugena Seklera koji dosad nije bio prepoznat u osječkoj likovnoj sredini, a tako ni kao relevantan akter hrvatskoga grafičkog dizajna, koji se obrazovanjem u Beču i Leipzigu uklapa u modernističke oblikovne trendove dvadesetih i tridesetih godina 20. stoljeća. Zastupljenost na međunarodnim izložbama primijenjenih umjetnosti ide u prilog potrebi visokoga autorskog pozicioniranja unutar povijesti hrvatskoga grafičkog dizajna.The paper presents a segment of the oeuvre of Eugen Sekler, a forgotten printmaker and graphic designer from Osijek educated at the Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt in Vienna and at the Akademie für graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe in Leipzig, where he studied under Professor Georg Belwe, a typographer and graphic designer highly renowned across Europe. Sekler’s example demonstrates that graphic design as a new discipline had its foundations in the printing trade, from which it detached due to the new demands of industry and mass media and in combination with the designer sensibility of certain individuals. In the context of the history of Croatian graphic design, Sekler is distinguished not only by the quality of his education as a graphic artist, but also by his interest for the then still marginal areas of visual communications design which arose through collaboration between designers and industry – design of signs and logos, packaging and advertisements, as well as complete visual identities for craftsmen and industrialists in Zagreb and Osijek. He also made a significant contribution to the design of books and commercial vignettes. The modernist concept of Sekler’s graphic design is evident in his concise expressionist graphic and typographic interventions, but it mostly corresponds to Art Deco vocabulary. In Croatian museums there is only one catalogued work attributed to Eugen Sekler, preserved in the Collection of Graphic Design of the Museum of Arts and Crafts in Zagreb. Eugen Sekler’s prominent position in the history of Croatian graphic design is indicated by his participation in international exhibitions of applied arts – the Exposition Internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes in Paris in 1925 and the International Book Fair in Leipzig in 1927

Neurobiologija graničnoga poremećaja ličnosti

Granični poremećaj ličnosti (u daljnjem tekstu: GPL) pripada dramatičnoj skupini poremećaja ličnosti, a karakteriziraju ga emocionalna disregulacija, impulzivnost, autodestruktivna ponašanja te nestabilni interpersonalni odnosi u kojima je osoba izrazito osjetljiva na objektivne ili zamišljene znakove napuštanja. Cilj ovoga rada jest cjelovit pregled i sinteza neurobiologije GPL-a. U neurobiološkoj pozadini navedenih simptoma mogu se naći smanjeni volumen amigdala i hipokampusa te disfunkcija frontolimbičkoga sustava, odnosno poremećaj hiperaktivnosti limbičkoga sustava u neugodnim situacijama koju kontrolira prefrontalni režanj – što zbog njegove hipoaktivnosti, a što zbog smanjene povezanosti tih dvaju područja. Postoje i nalazi abnormalne funkcije osi hipotalamus-hipofiza-nadbubrežna žlijezda (što rezultira doživljavanjem veće svakodnevne razine napetosti i većim oprezom od potencijalnih prijetnji), endogenoga opioidnog sustava (preniska bazalna razina endogenih opioida i/ili smanjena osjetljivost endorfinskih receptora) te serotonergičkoga sustava (koji ima ulogu u impulzivnom ponašanju i reguliranju raspoloženja). Srećom, kvalitetna terapija, posebice dijalektička bihevioralna terapija, pokazuje moguće smanjenje simptoma, koje je vidljivo i na neuralnoj razini, što potvrđuje plastičnost ljudskoga mozga te tako daje nadu i alate osobama s GPL-om za uspješnije funkcioniranje i suočavanje sa svakodnevnim problemima

Typography signets and trademarks of Eugen Sekler

U članku je predstavljen esej »O signetu, zaštitnim i inim znakovima« koji je 1924. godine u »Grafičkoj reviji« objavio školovani osječki grafički dizajner Eugen Sekler. Njegovim ranije prezentiranim znakovima pribrojeni su i dosad nepoznati tipografski koncipirani sinjeti i zaštitni znakovi koji, uz one figuralne te uz teorijski angažman, upućuju na Seklerovo iznimno značanje u afirmaciji ovog segmenta vizualnih komunikacija u međuratnom razdoblju.The paper discusses Eugen Sekler’s essay “On signet, trademarks and other signs” (“O signetu, zaštitnim i inim znakovima”) published in “Grafička revija” in 1924. The corpus of known signs of this trained graphic designer from Osijek is enlarged with previously unpublished typographically conceived signets and trademarks which, along with his figural signs and theoretical pursuits, reveal Sekler’s importance in the affirmation of this segment of visual communication in the interwar period

Leaf Morphology Variation of Populus nigra L. in Natural Populations along the Rivers in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Background and Purpose: The aim was to determine the morphological differences between the hairy type of European black poplar (Populus nigra subsp. caudina) and the typical type from the riparian forests populations as well as between the river systems. Hairy black poplar spreads in a mosaic pattern across the Submediterranean climatic type along the River Neretva and the typical European black poplar is growing on alluvial soils along large rivers in the territory of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Material and Methods: Samples for leaf morphometric analysis were collected in 17 natural populations of European black poplar along six rivers in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results: Discriminant analyses have determined that in the differentiation of population groups largely contribute some characters such as the distance between the leaf widest part and the leaf base (DBW) and the petiole length (PL). The differences between populations and analysed groups, as well as the differences between populations belonging to a particular river system, were confirmed for all studied characteristics. Conclusions: Significant differences have been determined between the typical and the hairy type of European black poplar in the studied morphological traits and these dissimilarities are in accordance with the climatic differences in respective habitats of continental riparian forests and the Submediterranean type of climate. Populations sampled in the lower course of the River Neretva, which correspond to the hairy type of the European black poplar, have smaller leaves and a greater angle between the first lower lateral vein and the midrib

NAMIRA BEZ UPORABE NOVCA (OBRAČUNSKA NAMIRA, OBRAČUNSKO PLAĆANJE)

U poslovnom svijetu gdje je sve slabija likvidnost pojedinih poslovnih subjekata pribjegava se, odnosno poduzimaju se različite mjere financijske politike kako bi se smanjio intenzitet djelovanja nenaplaćenih potraživanja. U ovom članku obrađuju se i pojašnjavaju te najčešće mjere namira (oblici) bez uporabe novca: kompenzacija, cesija, preuzimanje duga, asignacija te drugi oblici (npr. prijenos vrijed. papira, izdavanje vrijed. papira)

ANALYSIS OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF "LOVRAN MARRON" (Castanea sativa Mill.) USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Maruni (maroni) su sorte europskog pitomog kestena (Castanea sativa Mill.) dobivene selekcijom, koje se od davnina uzgajaju radi proizvodnje krupnih i kvalitetnih plodova. Maruni su u Hrvatskoj sađeni na privatnim posjedima istočnih padina Učke, u okolici Lovrana i poznati su pod nazivom "lovranski marun". Do sada nije bilo znanstvenih istraživanja lovranskog maruna te nije poznato s kojim su biljnim materijalom nasadi podignuti, odnosno koliko je različitih genotipova zastupljeno. Ta saznanja ključna su za sve daljnje korake koje treba poduzeti kako bi se očuvali postojeći genetski izvori. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bila je analiza genetske raznolikosti stabala lovranskog maruna u postojećim nasadima, korištenjem mikrosatelitnih biljega. Istraživanje je rađeno na uzorku od 72 stabla, korištenjem 5 mikrosatelitnih biljega. Analiza je pokazala prisutnost 11 multilokusnih genotipova, što govori u prilog raznovrsnosti i bogatstvu svojti pitomog kestena na lovranskom području, koje još uvijek nisu taksonomski određene, a vode se pod kolektivnim nazivom "lovranski marun". Većina uzorkovanih stabala, 58, pripada istom genotipu, što se može tumačiti statičnošću u smislu introdukcije novih svojti na istraživano područje i forsiranjem, tj. ekstenzivnim uzgojem.Marrons are varieties of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) obtained through selection, which have been grown since antiquity for the production of large and high quality fruits. In Croatia, marrons were planted on private properties on the eastern slopes of the Učka mountain, in the environs of Lovran, and are hence known as the "Lovran marron". There has been no scientific research of the Lovran marron to date, and it is unknown which plant material was used to raise the plantations, or how many different genotypes are represented. Those insights are crucial for any further steps to be undertaken in order to conserve the existing genetic resources. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of the Lovran marron trees in the existing plantations, by using microsatellite markers. The study was conducted on a sample of 72 trees, using 5 microsatellite markers (Table 1). The analysis demonstrated the presence of 11 multilocus genotypes, pointing to the diversity and abundance of sweet chestnut taxa in the Lovran area, which have not yet been taxonomically defined and bear the collective name of the "Lovran marron". The majority of analyzed trees, specifically 58 individuals, had a uniform genetic structure and areassigned to the MG01 cultivar, which is therefore the most represented cultivar in the researched area, i.e. the one most often grown. However, not all trees are uniform, which is proven by the fact that the remaining 14 analyzed trees belong to 10 different gene pools. Of the 14 trees, 2 had not been grafted, but are found in the plantations together with the grafted marrons and are genetically specific as is to be expected. The remaining 12 grafted trees belong to 9 gene pools. Out of those, 5 trees share common alleles on all loci and are assigned the MG02 cultivar, whereas 7 trees were genetically unique and classified into 7 different cultivars (Tables 2, 3, 4 and Figure 1). Consequently, with regard to the "Lovran marron" operational taxonomic unit grown in the area of the Municipality of Lovran, although it is not taxonomically specified, on the basis of the genetic diversity analysis conducted using 5 microsatellite markers, it can be said to include several different genotypes, or cultivars, one of which (MG01) is present at a much higher frequency than others

Leaf phenology characteristics of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) in clonal seed orchard

U tri godine istraživanja (2012., 2014. i 2015.) praćene su fenološke karakteristike listanja poljskog jasena (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) u klonskoj sjemenskoj plantaži Nova Gradiška. Motrenjem su obuhvaćena 42 klona s četiri ramete po klonu (ukupno 168 biljaka) porijeklom iz triju populacija (Jasenovac, Novska i Stara Gradiška). Razvoj lista podijeljen je na šest fenofaza, međutim u radu je analizirana isključivo faza L2 (početak listanja). Prosječni broj dana od 1. siječnja do početka listanja iznosio je 98 dana u 2012. godini, 93 dana u 2014. godini i 103 dana tijekom 2015. godine. Prosječan broj dana koji je bio potreban za razvoj lista u 2012. godini iznosio je 27 dana, u 2014. godini 26 dana, dok je u 2015. godini bio 20 dana. Na osnovi fenoloških rezultata klonovi su podijeljeni na dvije ekotipske forme: ranu i kasnu. Prosječne vrijednosti broja dana s obzirom na početak listanja iznosile su od 90 do 101 dan za ranu ekotipsku formu te od 99 do 107 dana za kasnu. U radu je dokazana visoka povezanost između kumulativnih vrijednosti količine oborina (od 1. prosinca do nastupanja faze L2) i početka listanja. Istraživanjem je utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između svih istraživanih klonova, između klonova unutar populacija, kao i između istraživanih ekotipskih formi. Statistički značajna međupopulacijska varijabilnost nije utvrđena. Unutarklonska varijabilnost smanjivala se sa starošću sjemenske plantaže, što ukazuje na veću stabilnost i ujednačenost fenoloških karakteristika između rameta s povećanjem njihove starosti. Pripadnost klonova ekotipskim formama nije pratila njihovo geografsko porijeklo, čime je dodatno potvrđena značajna unutarpopulacijska varijabilnost poljskog jasena.Narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) is a hygrophilic and predominantly thermophilic tree species that favours deep, clayed and moist soils exposed to occasional seasonal flooding. The largest complexes of narrow-leaved ash (80 %) are located along the Sava river. In the context of global climate change, it is important to know the composition and structure of genetic variability, particularly in terms of adaptive potential such as growth, survival and leaf phenology. The goal of research was to analyze the beginning of the leaf unfolding phase (L2 phase), the duration of leaf development (L2 – L6) and the impact of atmospheric parameters on the beginning of leaf unfolding, as well as to determine intrapopulation and interpopulation variability and the existence of ecotypic forms in relation to the beginning of leaf unfolding. Phenological characteristics of leaf phenology of narrow-leaved ash were monitored in the clonal seed orchard of Nova Gradiška in the course of three years of research (2012, 2014 and 2015). Monitoring included 42 clones originating from three populations (Jasenovac, Novska and Stara Gradiška). Every clone was represented with four ramets each (in total 168 plants). Leaf development was divided into six phenophases (figure 2, table 1); the analysis focused exclusively on Phase L2 (beginning of leaf unfolding). The average number of days from January 1st to the beginning of leaf unfolding was 98 days in 2012, 93 days in 2014, and 103 days in 2015 (figure 3, table 2). The average number of days required for leaf development amounted to 27 days in 2012, 26 days in 2014 and 20 days during 2015. Based on phenological results throughout the three years of study, the clones were divided into two ecotypic forms (early and late) with regard to the beginning of flushing (figure 5, table 4). The justification of division into two forms was statistically confirmed (table 3). The average values of the number of days for early ecotypic forms ranged from 90 to 101 days, and for late forms from 99 to 107 days. Along with temperature requirements as the most crucial activating factor in the manifestation of leaf pheno­logy, researche also confirmed high correlation between cumulative values of precipitation quantity (from December 1st to the beginning of Phase L2) and the beginning of leaf unfolding in narrow-leaved ash (r=0,93). Statistically significant differences were found between all the studied clones, and so were for intrapopulation variability for the beginning of leaf unfolding; however, no statistically significant differences were found between the studied populations (table 3). Intraclonal values of the coefficient of variability (CV %) for the property of leaf unfolding decreased with the age of the experiment and on average amounted to 15.22 % at age 2 + 8 years, 13.46 % at age 2 + 10 years, and 7.8 % at age of 2 + 11 years, indicating higher stability and uniformity of phenological characteristics among the ramets as their age increased (figure 4). The affiliation of the clones to ecotypic forms did not coincide with their geographic origin, which additionally confirmed important intrapopulation variability of narrow-leaved ash