AEPおよび脳波へのinsulin低血糖の影響

The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the central nervous system were studied by auditory evoked potential (AEP), with 8 schizophrenic patients (31~47 y.o.), during the 'kleine Insulinbehandlung'. In the three experimental session on different days, human regular insulin was injected subcutaneously to each patient, whose consciousness level was lowered to the stage of somnolence and recovered by intake of a glucose solution (100 g). EEG containig AEPs evoked by click simuli was derived from the two derivations (3rd ch : Cz→A1+2, 6th ch : Cz→T5). In the experimental session, EEG containing AEPs was recorded before and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after the injection of insulin, and 20 min after intake of glucose. Consecutive changes of group mean AEP were studied. Individual AEPs were subjected to the component analysis, and to the statistical assessment together with EEG power %. As a result, the middle latency components of AEP significantly reduced in latency and significantly increased in amplitude in the early stage after the injection of insulin, but significantly prolonged in latency in the latter stage. On the other hand, the long latency components of AEP significantly prolonged in latency and significantly decreased in amplitude throughout hypoglycemia. EEG power % significantly decreased in δ power% in the early stage, but significantly increased in δ and θ power % and significantly decreased in α and β power % in the latter stage. These results were attributed to the inhibitory effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the cerebral cortex, and to the activation of the noradrenergic neurons responding to the hypoglycemia in the early stage. The results also indicate that the activated noradrenergic neurons are gradually declined during prolonged hypoglycemia

The differences in VEP (Visual Evoked Potentials) between epileptics and normal subjects

The differences between epileptics and healthy subjects on the visual evoked potential (VEP) were studied. VEPs were recorded through the two derivations (2 ch : O 1→A 1+2, 5 ch : O 1→Cz). The differences in the latencies and interpeak amplitudes were compared and tested statistically, respectively for each sex, with special reference to the drugs been administered. 1. The latencies of VEP components in epileptics were longer than those in healthy subjects, in both sexes. 2. Interpeak amplitudes of VEP components in epileptics were smaller than those in healthy subjects, especially in late components, in both sexes. 3. These tendencies were more marked in males than in females. 4. In epileptics, between the subjects being administered each drug (CBZ, PB, VPA or PHT) or not, significant differences in latencies and intrerpeak amplitudes were not confirmed, with the components in which significant differences in latencies and amplitudes between epileptics and healthy subjects were found. We verified the significant differences in VEPs between epileptics and healthy subjects, which suggested the dysfunction in epileptics in its brain stem and lateral geniculate body, even not considering the seizure types nor epileptic focus sites

The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the human VEP (Visual Evoked Potential) and EEG

The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on central nervous system were studied by visual flash evoked potential (VEP), with 8 schizophrenic patients (31~47 y.o.), during the 'Kleine Insulinbehandlung'. In the three experimental sessions on different days, human regular insulin were injected subcutaneously to each patient, whose consciousness level were lowered to the stage of somnolence and recovered after intake of a solution of glucose (100 g). EEG containing VEPs evoked by flash stimuli once every 5 seconds were derived from the two derivations (2 nd ch : O1→A1+2, 5 th ch : O1→Cz). In the experimental session, EEG containing VEPs were recorded before and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after the injection of insulin, and 20 min after intake of glucose. Consecutive changes of group mean VEP were studied. Individual VEPs were subjected to the component analysis, and to the statistical assessment together with EEG power%. The following results were obtained. 1. The long latency components of VEP significantly increased in latency and significantly deceased in peak-to-peak amplitude in the early stage after the injection of insulin. These findings indicate the inhibitory effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the cerebral cortex in the early stage. 2. The short latency components of VEP significantly increased in the latency of N2 and significantly decreased in the peak-to-peak amplitude of P2-N2 in the latter stage. In EEG, the power% of δ and θ frequency bands significantly increased and that of α 1~β 2 significantly decreased in the latter stage. These findings indicate the inhibitory effects on the lateral geniculate body due to the decline of the brainstem activity, in the latter stage of insulin-induced hypoglycemia

The acute effects of antidepressants on the human AEP (Auditory Evoked Potential) and EEG

The acute effect of clomipramine hydrochloride (CMI) was studied by auditory evoked potential (AEP) and compared with those of mianserin hydrochloride (MSR), with each 12 and 16 healthy male subjects, respectively. In the two experimental session on different days, CMI (0.5mg/kg) or MSR (0.3mg/kg) were orally administered for each subjects. EEGs containing AEPs evoked by click stimuli once every 5 sec were derived from the two derivations ( 3ch : Cz→A1+2 , 6ch : Cz→T5) and recorded into magnetic tape. Reproducing the tape, AEPs before and 120 min after the administration of these drugs, with 1024 msec of analysis time were obtained by averaging 100 responses, and EEGs were subjected to the frequency analysis. The changes of the waveform of group mean AEP were studied. Individual AEPs were subjected to the component analysis, and to the statistical assessment together with EEG. The following, statistically significant results were obtained. 1. After the administration of CMI, only P8 and N8 latencies of long latency components significantly increased (P<0.05), while the peak-to-peak amplitudes of middle latency components significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). In EEG, the α1 power% significantly increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, stimulatory effect of CMI besides inhibitory effect was verified by AEP. 2. After the administration of MSR, P2 and P3 latencies of the middle latency components and those of long latency components (P7~) significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0 05). All of significant changes were decrease for the peak-to-peak amplitudes (P<0.01, P<0.05). In EEG, the power% were significantly increased for δ and θ, but significantly decreased for α2 and β2 (P<0.01, P<0.05). In conclusion, sedative effect of MSR was verified by AEP

A Bibliometric Evaluation of the Top 100 Cited Dimethyl Fumarate Articles

Estudi bibliomètric; Fumarat de dimetil; Esclerosi múltipleEstudio bibliométrico; Fumarato de dimetilo; Esclerosis múltipleBibliometric study; Dimethyl fumarate; Multiple sclerosisDimethyl fumarate is a cytoprotective and immunomodulatory drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We performed a bibliometric study examining the characteristics and trends of the top 100 cited articles that include dimethyl fumarate in the title. On 21 September 2020 we carried out an electronic search in the Web of Science (WOS), seeking articles that include the following terms within the title: dimethyl fumarate, BG-12, or Tecfidera. To focus our investigation on original research, we refined the search to include only articles, early access, others, case report, and clinical trials. We obtained a total of 1115 items, which were cited 7169 times, had a citation density of 6.43 citations/item, and an h-index of 40. Around 2010, there was a jump in the number of published articles per year, rising from 5 articles/year up to 12 articles/year. We sorted all the items by the number of citations and selected the top 100 most cited (T100). The T100 had 4164 citations, with a density of 37 citations/year and contained 16 classic research articles. They were published between 1961 and 2018; the years 2010–2018 amassed nearly 80% of the T100. We noted 17 research areas with articles in the T100. Of these, the number one ranking went to neurosciences/neurology with 39 articles, and chemistry ranked second on the T100 list with 14 items. We noticed that the percentage of articles belonging to different journals changed depending on the time period. Chemistry held the highest number of papers during 1961–2000, while pharmacology andneurosciences/neurology led the 2001–2018 interval. A total of 478 authors from 145 institutions and 25 countries were included in the T100 ranking. The paper by Gold R et al. was the most successful with 14 articles, 1.823 citations and a density of 140.23 citations/year. The biotechnological company Biogen led the T100 list with 20 articles. With 59 published articles, the USA was the leading country in publications. We concluded that this study analyzed the use of and research on dimethyl fumarate from a different perspective, which will allow the readership (expert or not) to understand the relevance of classic and recent literature on this topic.Maria F. Galindo´s contract is co-financed by the European Development Fund Regional (Feder). In accordance with the Operational Program of the Region of Castilla-La Mancha for Feder 2014-2020, and for the University of Castilla -La Mancha´s own Research Plan

Epitaxial growth of FeSe0.5_{0.5}Te0.5_{0.5} thin films on CaF2_2 substrates with high critical current density

In-situ epitaxial growth of FeSe$_{0.5}$Te$_{0.5}$ thin films is demonstrated on a non-oxide substrate CaF$_2$. Structural analysis reveals that compressive stress is moderately added to 36-nm thick FeSe$_{0.5}$Te$_{0.5}$, which pushes up the critical temperature above 15 K, showing higher values than that of bulk crystals. Critical current density at $T$ = 4.5 K reaches 5.9 x 10$^4$ Acm$^{-2}$ at $\mu_0H$ = 10 T, and 4.2 x 10$^4$ Acm$^{-2}$ at $\mu_0H$ = 14 T. These results indicate that fluoride substrates have high potential for the growth of iron-based superconductors in comparison with popular oxide substrates.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Applied Physics Express 4, 053101 (2011