12 research outputs found
Long-lasting insecticidal nets and the quest for malaria eradication : a mathematical modeling approach
Recent dramatic declines in global malaria burden and mortality can be largely attributed to the large-scale deployment of insecticidal-based measures, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying. However, the sustainability of these gains, and the feasibility of global malaria eradication by 2040, may be affected by increasing insecticide resistance among the Anopheles malaria vector. We employ a new differential-equations based mathematical model, which incorporates the full, weather-dependent mosquito lifecycle, to assess the population-level impact of the large-scale use of LLINs, under different levels of Anopheles pyrethroid insecticide resistance, on malaria transmission dynamics and control in a community. Moreover, we describe the bednet-mosquito interaction using parameters that can be estimated from the large experimental hut trial literature under varying levels of effective pyrethroid resistance. An expression for the basic reproduction number, R0, as a function of population-level bednet coverage, is derived. It is shown, owing to the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, that R0 must be pushed appreciably below 1 to eliminate malaria in endemic areas, potentially complicating eradication efforts. Numerical simulations of the model suggest that, when the baseline R0 is high (corresponding roughly to holoendemic malaria), very high bednet coverage with highly effective nets is necessary to approach conditions for malaria elimination. Further, while >50% bednet coverage is likely sufficient to strongly control or eliminate malaria from areas with a mesoendemic malaria baseline, pyrethroid resistance could undermine control and elimination efforts even in this setting. Our simulations show that pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes appreciably reduces bednet effectiveness across parameter space. This modeling study also suggests that increasing pre-bloodmeal deterrence of mosquitoes (deterring them from entry into protected homes) actually hampers elimination efforts, as it may focus mosquito biting onto a smaller unprotected host subpopulation. Finally, we observe that temperature affects malaria potential independently of bednet coverage and pyrethroid-resistance levels, with both climate change and pyrethroid resistance posing future threats to malaria control.National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) is an Institute sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award #EF-0832858, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. ABG also acknowledges the support, in part, of the Simons Foundation (Award #585022).http://link.springer.com/journal/2852021-05-23hj2020Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
A primer on using mathematics to understand COVID-19 dynamics : modeling, analysis and simulations
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic that emerged from Wuhan city in December
2019 overwhelmed health systems and paralyzed economies around the world. It became
the most important public health challenge facing mankind since the 1918 Spanish flu
pandemic. Various theoretical and empirical approaches have been designed and used to
gain insight into the transmission dynamics and control of the pandemic. This study
presents a primer for formulating, analysing and simulating mathematical models for
understanding the dynamics of COVID-19. Specifically, we introduce simple compartmental,
Kermack-McKendrick-type epidemic models with homogeneously- and
heterogeneously-mixed populations, an endemic model for assessing the potential
population-level impact of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. We illustrate how some basic
non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 can be incorporated into the
epidemic model. A brief overview of other kinds of models that have been used to study
the dynamics of COVID-19, such as agent-based, network and statistical models, is also
presented. Possible extensions of the basic model, as well as open challenges associated
with the formulation and theoretical analysis of models for COVID-19 dynamics, are
suggested.The Simons Foundation and the National Science Foundation.http://www.keaipublishing.com/idmam2022Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus
A novel Coronavirus pandemic emerged in December of 2019, causing devastating
public health impact across the world. In the absence of a safe and effective
vaccine or antiviral, strategies for mitigating the burden of the pandemic are
focused on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social-distancing,
contact-tracing, quarantine, isolation and the use of face-masks in public. We
develop a new mathematical model for assessing the population-level impact of
these mitigation strategies. Simulations of the model, using data relevant to
COVID-19 transmission in New York state and the entire US, show that the
pandemic will peak in mid and late April, respectively. The worst-case scenario
projections for cumulative mortality (based on the baseline levels of
anti-COVID non-pharmaceutical interventions considered in the study) in New
York State and the entire US decrease dramatically by 80% and 64%,
respectively, if the strict social-distancing measures implemented are
maintained until the end of May or June, 2020. This study shows that early
termination of strict social-distancing could trigger a devastating second wave
with burden similar to that projected before the onset of strict
social-distance. The use of efficacious face-masks (efficacy greater than 70%)
could lead to the elimination of the pandemic if at least 70% of the residents
of New York state use such masks consistently (nationwide, a compliance of at
least 80% will be required using such masks). The use of low efficacy masks,
such as cloth masks (of efficacy less than 30%), could also lead to significant
reduction of COVID-19 burden (albeit, they are not able to lead to
elimination). Combining low efficacy masks with improved levels of other
anti-COVID-19 intervention measures can lead to elimination of the pandemic.
The mask coverage needed to eliminate COVID-19 decreases if mask-use is
combined with strict social-distancing
Impact of Public Health Education Program on the Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in the United States
The coronavirus outbreak in the United States continues to pose a serious threat to human lives. Public health measures to slow down the spread of the virus involve using a face mask, social-distancing, and frequent hand washing. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there has been a global campaign on the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to curtail the spread of the virus. However, the number of cases, mortality, and hospitalization continue to rise globally, including in the United States. We developed a mathematical model to assess the impact of a public health education program on the coronavirus outbreak in the United States. Our simulation showed the prospect of an effective public health education program in reducing both the cumulative and daily mortality of the novel coronavirus. Finally, our result suggests the need to obey public health measures as loss of willingness would increase the cumulative and daily mortality in the United States
Mathematical modeling of the impact of periodic release of sterile male mosquitoes and seasonality on the population abundance of malaria mosquitoes
This study presents a new mathematical model for assessing the impact of sterile insect technology (SIT) and seasonal variation in local temperature on the population abundance of malaria mosquitoes in an endemic setting. Simulations of the model, using temperature data from Kipsamoite area of Kenya, show that a peak abundance of the mosquito population is attained in the Kipsamoite area when the mean monthly temperature reaches 30∘C. Furthermore, in the absence of seasonal variation in local temperature, our results show that releasing more sterile male mosquitoes (e.g., 100,000) over a one year period with relatively short duration between releases (e.g., weekly, bi-weekly or even monthly) is more effective than releasing smaller numbers of the sterile male mosquitoes (e.g., 10,000) over the same implementation period and frequency of release. It is also shown that density-dependent larval mortality plays an important role in determining the threshold number of sterile male mosquitoes that need to be released in order to achieve effective control (or elimination) of the mosquito population in the community. In particular, low(high) density-dependent mortality requires high(low) numbers of sterile male mosquitoes to be released to achieve such control. In the presence of seasonal variation in local temperature, effective control of the mosquito population using SIT is only feasible if a large number of the sterile male mosquitoes (e.g., 100,000) is periodically released within a very short time interval (at most weekly). In other words, seasonal variation in temperature necessitates more frequent releases (of a large number) of sterile male mosquitoes to ensure the effectiveness of the SIT intervention in curtailing the targeted mosquito population.The National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS) for funding the Working Group on Climate Change and Vector-borne Diseases (VBDs). NIMBioS is an Institute sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award #EF-0832858, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. ABG also acknowledge the support, in part, of the Simons Foundation (Award #585022) and the National Science Foundation (Award #1917512).https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/jbs2021-04-18hj2020Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
Will an imperfect vaccine curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.?
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that emerged from Wuhan city of China in late
December 2019 continue to pose devastating public health and economic challenges across
the world. Although the community-wide implementation of basic non-pharmaceutical
intervention measures, such as social distancing, quarantine of suspected COVID-19
cases, isolation of confirmed cases, use of face masks in public, contact tracing and
testing, have been quite effective in curtailing and mitigating the burden of the pandemic,
it is universally believed that the use of a vaccine may be necessary to effectively curtail
and eliminating COVID-19 in human populations. This study is based on the use of a
mathematical model for assessing the impact of a hypothetical imperfect anti-COVID-19
vaccine on the control of COVID-19 in the United States. An analytical expression for the
minimum percentage of unvaccinated susceptible individuals needed to be vaccinated in
order to achieve vaccine-induced community herd immunity is derived. The epidemiological
consequence of the herd immunity threshold is that the disease can be effectively
controlled or eliminated if the minimum herd immunity threshold is achieved in the
community. Simulations of the model, using baseline parameter values obtained from
fitting the model with COVID-19 mortality data for the U.S., show that, for an anti-COVID-
19 vaccine with an assumed protective efficacy of 80%, at least 82% of the susceptible US
population need to be vaccinated to achieve the herd immunity threshold. The prospect of
COVID-19 elimination in the US, using the hypothetical vaccine, is greatly enhanced if the
vaccination program is combined with other interventions, such as face mask usage and/or
social distancing. Such combination of strategies significantly reduces the level of the
vaccine-induced herd immunity threshold needed to eliminate the pandemic in the US.
For instance, the herd immunity threshold decreases to 72% if half of the US population
regularly wears face masks in public (the threshold decreases to 46% if everyone wears a
face mask).The Simons Foundation and the National Science Foundation.http://www.keaipublishing.com/idmam2020Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
Mathematical modeling and analysis of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
A mathematical model is designed and used to study the transmission dynamics and
control of COVID-19 in Nigeria. The model, which was rigorously analysed and parametrized using
COVID-19 data published by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), was used to assess
the community-wide impact of various control and mitigation strategies in some jurisdictions within
Nigeria (notably the states of Kano and Lagos, and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja). Numerical
simulations of the model showed that COVID-19 can be effectively controlled in Nigeria using
moderate levels of social-distancing strategy in the jurisdictions and in the entire nation. Although the
use of face masks in public can significantly reduce COVID-19 in Nigeria, its use, as a sole intervention
strategy, may fail to lead to a substantial reduction in disease burden. Such substantial reduction is
feasible in the jurisdictions (and the entire Nigerian nation) if the public face mask use strategy is
complemented with a social-distancing strategy. The community lockdown measures implemented
in Nigeria on March 30, 2020 need to be maintained for at least three to four months to lead to the
effective containment of COVID-19 outbreaks in the country. Relaxing, or fully lifting, the lockdown
measures sooner, in an e ort to re-open the economy or the country, may trigger a deadly second wave
of the pandemic.The Simons Foundation and the National Science Foundation.http://www.aimspress.com/journal/MBEam2021Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
Toward achieving a vaccine-derived herd immunity threshold for COVID-19 in the U.S.
A novel coronavirus emerged in December of 2019 (COVID-19), causing a pandemic that
inflicted unprecedented public health and economic burden in all nooks and corners of
the world. Although the control of COVID-19 largely focused on the use of basic public
health measures (primarily based on using non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as
quarantine, isolation, social-distancing, face mask usage, and community lockdowns)
initially, three safe and highly-effective vaccines (by AstraZeneca Inc., Moderna Inc.,
and Pfizer Inc.), were approved for use in humans in December 2020. We present a
new mathematical model for assessing the population-level impact of these vaccines
on curtailing the burden of COVID-19. The model stratifies the total population into
two subgroups, based on whether or not they habitually wear face mask in public.
The resulting multigroup model, which takes the form of a deterministic system of
nonlinear differential equations, is fitted and parameterized using COVID-19 cumulative
mortality data for the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
Conditions for the asymptotic stability of the associated disease-free equilibrium, as
well as an expression for the vaccine-derived herd immunity threshold, are rigorously
derived. Numerical simulations of the model show that the size of the initial proportion of
individuals in the mask-wearing group, together with positive change in behavior from
the non-mask wearing group (as well as those in the mask-wearing group, who do
not abandon their mask-wearing habit) play a crucial role in effectively curtailing the
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. This study further shows that the prospect
of achieving vaccine-derived herd immunity (required for COVID-19 elimination) in the
U.S., using the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine, is quite promising. In particular, our study
shows that herd immunity can be achieved in the U.S. if at least 60% of the population are fully vaccinated. Furthermore, the prospect of eliminating the pandemic in the U.S. in
the year 2021 is significantly enhanced if the vaccination program is complemented with
non-pharmaceutical interventions at moderate increased levels of compliance (in relation
to their baseline compliance). The study further suggests that, while the waning of natural
and vaccine-derived immunity against COVID-19 induces only a marginal increase in the burden and projected time-to-elimination of the pandemic, adding the impacts of
therapeutic benefits of the vaccines into the model resulted in a dramatic reduction in
the burden and time-to-elimination of the pandemic.The Simons Foundation, the Cameroon Ministry of Higher Education and the National Science Foundation.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health#am2022Mathematics and Applied Mathematic
Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus
Please read abstract in the article.The Simons Foundation and the National Science Foundation.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/mbshj2021Mathematics and Applied Mathematic