Pattern of Residential Water Demand Analysis for Maiduguri Metropolis, North-Eastern Nigeria

This study investigated the projected 50-year water demand of Maiduguri township from 2006 to 2056. The impact of socio-economic factors on water consumption pattern of the population was also assessed. Data were collected from 200 households using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The results show that on an average, a household in Jere and Maiduguri consumes an estimated 421.85l L/day while areas worst hit are new layouts and those covered by the phase 2 water treatment plant (yet to be completed). In addition, it was found that, gender, education, household size and income were statistically significant predictors of water demand. Furthermore, the results revealed that in 2006, the combined population of Jere and Maiduguri was 749,123, which was later projected to be around 3,618,579 by the year 2056. Similarly, water demand was estimated to rise to approximately 154,443 M3/day by the year 2056 to meet the water demand of the growing population. However, in 2006, the combined water supplied from Maiduguri water treatment plant and all the functional boreholes (public boreholes) stands at 31,973M3/day while in 2016 it rose to 43,811 M3/day. The increase was due to additional supplies obtained from boreholes provided by some Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) in some locations across the two areas. It is noteworthy that water supplied in the year 2016 to the population was grossly inadequate to meet the household water demand. Therefore, with the projected water demand of about 154,443 M3/day by 2056, it is recommended that all existing water supply schemes including the proposed phase 2 of the Maiduguri surface water treatment plant designed to cover West end, Wulari, Bulunkutu and Maduganari areas to be completed to increase the supply. Service boreholes in newly established layouts should be put to operate at full capacity including the additional ones drilled. Also, the Dala Alamdari mini water works constructed by International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) which is operated below its installed capacity due to poor management to be enhanced

ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS-AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR PRESERVATION OF ECO-SYSTEM OF GANGA RIVER

ABSTRACT This paper presents a study of an artificial wetland, at Warangal, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, used for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Such treatment processes are in great demand because of their satisfactory performance, low maintenance and operating costs and eco-friendliness. A free water surface type of artificial wetland was studied, with dimensions 20.0 m x 5.5 m, and a depth 0.4 m and the retention period of 7 days. Wetland vegetations consisted of emergent macrophyte Typha-latifolia. Removal efficiency of organic matter, nutrients and pathogens was observed for a period of one year. Removal efficiency of 70% COD, 65% Nitrate, 99% pathogens were achieved. The overall effluent quality was found to be acceptable for disposal into water bodies' and/or/reuse for irrigation. As the climate and typical raw wastewater quality are similar in Gangetic basin, this type of treatment may be most economical and feasible option for treating municipal and industrial wastewater in order to preserve the natural eco-system of Ganga River

Application of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) Technology in Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering: A Review

One of the most recent areas of research in geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering is bio-mineralization, a natural process in living organisms, also known as Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation. It is the formation of calcium carbonate from a supersaturated solution due to the presence of microbial cells and bio-chemical activities. In the process, microbes secrete metabolic products that reacts with ion in the medium to precipitate minerals. Through this process, soil improvement/remediation have been investigated and proven reliable with minute carbon print as compared to conventional binders. This paper presents an overview on the wide application of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation in the areas of geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering with the mechanisms and factors influencing its performance explained. The work has also considered both laboratory and field scale researches conducted in these areas. The key contribution of this work is the compilation of different approaches in soil stabilization and remediation, via urease producing microbes, in single source. It also outlined different treatment dosages based on environmental conditions suitable to soil types

Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Adsorption of Safranin-O from Aqueous Solutions using Pineapple Peels

The aim of this work is to investigate the applicability of raw unmodified pineapple peel waste (PPW) for the removal of safranin-O in aqueous solution. The adsorption of safranin on PPW material was studied as a function of PPW dose (0.5–2.5g), initial concentration (20–100mg/L), pH, 2–10solutions, and a varying contact time. The effect of these parameters on the adsorption capacity was studied using a batch process. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The adsorption isotherm was found to obey the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity was found to be 21.7mg/g. Kinetic data were fitted to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and were found to follow pseudo- second-order kinetic model. The result shows that PPW adsorbent is potentially low-cost adsorbent for removal of safranin-O

Assessment of Public Boreholes Water Quality in Maiduguri Metropolis

In this study, the quality analysis of borehole water from various locations in Maiduguri metropolitan was investigated to determine the condition of groundwater in the Council following recent influx of people with resultant increase in human activities. Water samples were collected from boreholes at five different locations viz Bolori, Gwange, Shehuri, Kyarimi park and Bulunkutu. The locations were selected based on operational offices as stipulated and designed by Borno State Water Board (BSWB) within the city. The pH, EC, and TDS of the water samples were analysed using combined pH/EC/TDS combo (Hanna instrument) Model HI 98130 while bacteriological analysis was conducted according to American Public Health Association. The results show that the pH of ground water in all the five locations ranged between 6.56 and 7.12 which was within World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinkable water. Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the samples ranged from 128±0.42 to 168±0.47 (µs/cm) and was within the WHO standard for drinkable water of 1200μs/cm. Also, turbidity ranged from 1.13 to 1.35 NTU while total dissolved solid (TDS) was ranged from 85 to 121 mg/L and were all within the stipulated limits. In addition, the alkalinity values of the samples ranged from 89 mg/L for Gwange area which showed that, it was WHO complaint while 150±65.6 mg/L was recorded in Bulunkutu area which was above the prescribed limit of 150 mg/L. Furthermore, the concentration of Mg ranged from (1.01 to 7.53 mg/L), Ca (7.53 to 16.05), while Iron (Fe) was detected only in one borehole in Shehuri (0.25 mg/L) whereas Chloride was ranged from (13.4 to 25.5 mg/L). Interestingly, they were found to be within the stipulated WHO standards. The Biological quality of water from Gwange (S3) and Bolori (S1) showed that the concentration of E-coli was the same, 13× 103cfu/100ml while that of Bulunkutu (S3) was 3×103 cfu/100ml respectively. These values are above the maximum permissible limit 0 cfu/100ml of E-coli for drinking water. Therefore, borehole water obtained from some locations in Maiduguri might require some level of treatments before use for domestic purposes