Two novel forms of ERG oscillation in <i>Drosophila</i>: age and activity dependence

<p>Over an animal’s lifespan, neuronal circuits and systems often decline in an inherently heterogeneous fashion. To compare the age-dependent progression of changes in visual behavior with alterations in retinal physiology, we examined phototaxis and electroretinograms (ERGs) in a wild-type <i>D. melanogaster</i> strain (<i>Canton-S</i>) across their lifespan. In aged flies (beyond 50% median lifespan), we found a marked decline in phototaxis, while motor coordination was less disrupted, as indicated by relatively stronger negative geotaxis. These aged flies displayed substantially reduced ERG transient amplitudes while the receptor potentials (RP) remained largely intact. Using a repetitive light flash protocol, we serendipitously discovered two forms of activity-dependent oscillation in the ERG waveforms of young flies: ‘light-off’ and ‘light-on’ oscillations. After repeated 500 ms light flashes, light-off oscillations appeared during the ERG off-transients (frequency: 50–120 Hz, amplitude: ∼1 mV). Light-on oscillations (100–200 Hz, ∼0.3 mV) were induced by a series of 50 ms flashes, and were evident during the ERG on-transients. Both forms of oscillation were observed in other strains of <i>D. melanogaster</i> (<i>Oregon-R</i>, <i>Berlin</i>), additional <i>Drosophila</i> species (<i>D. funerbris</i>, <i>D. euronotus</i>, <i>D. hydei</i>, <i>D. americana</i>), and were evoked by a variety of light sources. Both light-off and light-on oscillations were distinct from previously described ERG oscillations in the visual mutant <i>rosA</i> in terms of location within the waveform and frequency. However, within <i>rosA</i> mutants, light-off oscillations, but not light-on oscillations could be recruited by the repetitive light flash protocol. Importantly though, we found that both forms of oscillation were rarely observed in aged flies. Although the physiological bases of these oscillations remain to be elucidated, they may provide important clues to age-related changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.</p