The Passage of the Public Service Staff Relations Act, 1965-1967

The aim of this study is to determine why collective bargaining rights were granted to civil servants. Chapter one examines the historical development of labour relations in the civil service, specifically social, political, and economic trends present when new bills governing labour relations were introduced. Trends which were to have an impact on Bill C-170 are delineated. Chapter two follows the evolvement of collective bargaining rights into a political issue and the reaction of political parties and other interest groups. Emphasis is placed on the role of postal employees. Chapter three examines the political situation before and after the 1965 federal election and its impact on the decision to introduce the right to strike. The thoughts of editorialists and parliamentarians on the proposed bill are then reviewed. Chapter four follows Bill C-170 through parliamentary committee hearings where labour, business, and committee members expressed their concerns. Parliamentarian and editorial opinions are also put forward. The conclusion poses reasons why the right to strike was granted to all employees. The epilogue shows that on-going issues between the government and its unions stem from the 1960s and postulates that the current aspirations of civil service unions are unlikely to be met

The concept of regeneration in Christian thought

Who is the Christian? What does it mean to be a "new man" in Christ? What does it mean to be "born again"? Is this the same as the Pentecostal expression "the baptism in the Holy Spirit"? And what are we to make of the phrase, "the baptism in/with the Holy Spirit"? What is the relationship between water baptism and spirit baptism? What is the relation of regeneration to baptism? Does baptism alone constitute the complete rite of initiation, or is something more required? How is a person's initiation into the Christian way to be described and understood? What is Christian baptism? What is its place in the plan of salvation? When is the Holy Spirit given?In search of an authentic theology of the Christian, we have treated the writings of the Fourth Evangelist, Cyril of Jerusalem and Ambrose of Milan, John Calvin, Karl Barth and modern day Pentecostalists and NeoPentecostalists.The work, although not divided into specific parts, has two aspects. First of all, there is a full exposition of how the term, regeneration, has been treated in each of the above theologies. From this it can be seen that various interpretations of the concept have emerged in the church over the centuries.The second aspect is an examination of four critical categories surrounding our theme, namely, regeneration, initiation, water baptism and spirit baptism. Today is an opportune time to understand the various inter¬ relationships of these categories, both from the point of view of the pastoral ministry of the churches and the life of the individual Christian.In the course of our study, various other topics are touched upon: the nature of faith, the relation of baptism to confirmation, the paedobaptist debate, the need to restore a Spirit Christology either alongside, or instead of, Logos Christology, the nature of the gift of speaking in tongues and its place in the fellowship of the church. Each of these subjects requires a thesis of its own, and we have by no means exhausted their significance, although they have necessitated comment because of their relationship to our central theme

Total Synthesis of Brasoside and Littoralisone

The first total syntheses of littoralisone (1) and brasoside (2) have been achieved in 13 overall steps. Both natural products are forged from a common intermediate which is rapidly assembled using organocatalytic technology, including a proline-catalyzed α-aminoxylation and a contra-thermodynamic intramolecular Michael addition. Application of the two-step carbohydrate synthesis technology has enabled to access a selectively substituted glucose derivative for use as an intramolecular cycloaddition tether. This synthesis culminates with an intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition that serves to support the proposed biosynthetic origins of 1 from 2

The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Strategies for Continuously Creating Opportunity in an Age of Uncertainty

This book summarizes the practical implications of our accumulation of experience, research studies, and active teaching and working with business organizations attempting to deal with uncertainty and with entrepreneurs learning to launch and grow their businesses. The primary thrust of the book—that uncertainty can yield tremendous opportunity when looked at in the right way—has long been topic at the heart of the academic study of entrepreneurship. Using lessons drawn from leading entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies, this book presents a set of practices for capitalizing on certainty and rapid change. Throughout this book, we have provided figures and tables that allow readers to generate scores and derive conclusions. These material are based on considerable theoretical and empirical research

Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball

BACKGROUND: Surface instability is a common addition to traditional rehabilitation and strength exercises with the aim of increasing muscle activity, increasing exercise difficulty and improving joint proprioception. The aim of the current study was to determine if performing upper body closed kinetic chain exercises on a labile surface (Swiss ball) influences myoelectric amplitude when compared with a stable surface. METHODS: Thirteen males were recruited from a convenience sample of college students. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the triceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and external oblique while performing push up exercises with the feet or hands placed on a bench and separately on a Swiss ball. A push up plus exercise was also evaluated with hands on the support surface. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Not all muscles responded with an increase in muscle activity. The pectoralis major muscle was not influenced by surface stability. The triceps and rectus abdominis muscles showed increases in muscle activity only when the hands were on the unstable surface. The external oblique muscle was only influenced by surface stability during the performance of the push up plus exercise. No muscle showed a change in activation level when the legs were supported by the Swiss ball instead of the bench. CONCLUSION: Muscle activity can be influenced by the addition of surface instability however an increase in muscle activity does not influence all muscles in all conditions. The relationship between the participant's center of mass, the location of the unstable surface and the body part contacting the Swiss ball may be important factors in determining the muscle activation changes following changes in surface stability

How does aging influence object-location and name-location binding during a visual short-term memory task?

Objective: Age-related impairments in human visual short-term memory (VSTM) may reflect a reduced ability to retain bound object representations, viz., object form, name, spatial, and temporal location (so called ‘memory sources’). Our objective is to examine how healthy aging affects VSTM in a battery of memory recognition tasks in which sequentially presented objects, locations, and names (as auditory stimuli) were learned, with one component cued at test. Methods: Thirty-six young healthy adults (18-30 years) and 36 normally aging older adults (>60 years with no underlying health and vision issues) completed five VSTM tasks: 1. Object recognition for two or four objects; 2. Spatial location recognition for two or four objects; 3. Bound object-location recognition for two or four objects; 4. Object recognition with location priming for two or four objects; 5. Bound name (auditory)-location (cross-modal) recognition for four objects. Results: Significantly lower performance for older adults was found in spatial location recognition [task 2, p=0.03, 2 (memory loads) × 2 (age groups) ANOVA], bound object-location recognition [task 3, p˂0.001, 2 (memory loads) × 2 (age groups) ANOVA], object recognition with location priming [task 4, p=0.02, 2 (memory loads) × 2 (age groups) ANOVA], and bound name-location recognition [task 5, p=0.001, independent samples t-test] tasks. A significant age group-task interaction was found (p =0.02) Conclusion: Performance for all tests except test 1 was impaired in older adults. Lower performance for older adults was most significant in VSTM tasks requiring object-location (visual only) or name-location (auditory and visual) binding. The findings are compatible with the ‘memory source’ model, demonstrating that age-related binding performance is influenced by spatial coding and location priming deficits

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: A large retrospective study from a single institution

Background: Management of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has various approaches with distinct institutional specific practice. Here, we review DCIS management in a single institution with emphasise on re-operation rates and outcome. Methods: DCIS cases diagnosed at the Nottingham Breast Institute between 1987 and 2017 were identified (n=1,249). Clinicopathological data was collected. Cases were histologically reviewed, and different factors associated with primary operation selection, re-excision, presence of residual tumour in the re-excision specimens, use of radiotherapy and ipsilateral recurrences were analysed. Results: 34% of DCIS patients were initially treated by mastectomy and were more frequently symptomatic, of high nuclear tumour grade, size >40mm, and associated with comedo necrosis and Paget’s disease of the nipple. Further surgery was due to involved or narrow surgical margins. Residual tumour tissue was detected in 53% of the re-excision specimens. Re-excision rates of patients treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) were reduced from approximately 70% to 23% and the final mastectomy rates decreased from 60% to 20%. Changes in surgical practice with acceptance of smaller excision margins and more frequent use of local radiotherapy have led to a significant decrease not only in the re-excision rate but also in the final mastectomy rate together with non-significant reduction in 5- and 10-year local recurrence rates. Conclusion: Although BCS is increasingly the preferred primary surgical option for DCIS management, a proportion of low-risk DCIS patients continue to undergo re-excision surgery or completion mastectomy. Despite acceptance of smaller margins, recurrence rate is decreasing