Whitening Regenerated Cellulose Fibers Using Fluorescent Agent, Surfactants, And Salt-color Indices Measurements

The whitening efficiency of regenerated cellulose fibers using sodium 4,4′-distyrylbiphenyl sulfonate in the presence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate) and a cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and salt (NaCl) was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and color index values (brightness, whiteness, and yellowness). Epifluorescence images gave an intense blue color with an apparent uniform emission distribution. In absence of salt, the whitening efficiency was higher for aqueous solutions containing cationic surfactant below critical micellar concentration (cmc). In presence of salt, whitening efficiency was higher for anionic surfactant and more important. The concentration of surfactant required for greater brightness, whiteness, and yellowness was lower than that required in absence of salt. These data were discussed by the decrease of the cmc and by the screening of the modified cellulose fibers by counter ions coming from the salt. The role of surfactants was explained by the admicelization during the sorption process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.124543714380Blackburn, R.S., Harvey, A., Kettle, L.L., Manian, A.P., Payne, J.D., Russell, S.J., (2007) J Phys Chem B, 111, p. 8775Mischnick, P., Heinrich, J., Gohdes, M., Wilke, O., Rogmann, N., (1985) Macromol Chem Phys, 2000, p. 201Jakob, H.F., Fengel, D., Tschegg, S.E., Fratzl, P., (1995) Macromolecules, 28, p. 8782Ha, M.A., Apperley, D.C., Evans, B.W., Huxham, M., Jardine, W.G., Vietor, R.J., Reis, D., Jarvis, M.C., (1998) Plant J, 16, p. 183Muller, M., Hori, R., Itoh, T., Sugiyama, J., (2002) Biomacromolecules, 3, p. 182Abu-Rous, M., Ingolic, E., Schuster, K.C., (2006) Cellulose, 13, p. 411Kreze, T., Strnad, S., Stana-Kleinschek, K., Ribitsch, V., (2001) Mater Res Innov, 4, p. 107Krassig, H., (1978) Tappi, 61, p. 93Kotek, R., (2007) Handbook of Fiber Chemistry, p. 667. , In, 3rd ed. Lewin, M. Ed.CRC Press: New YorkStana-Kleinschek, K., Strnad, S., Ribitsch, V., (1999) Polym Eng Sci, 39, p. 1412Stana, K.K., Pohar, C., Ribitsch, V., (1995) Colloid Polym Sci, 273, p. 1174Timofei, S., Schmidt, W., Kurunczi, L., Simon, Z., (2000) Dyes Pigments, 47, p. 5Sarrazin, P., Beneventi, D., Chaussy, D., Vurth, L., Stephan, O., (2009) Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects, 334, p. 80Iamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2007) Langmuir, 23, p. 12886Leaver, I.H., Milligan, B., (1984) Dyes Pigments, 5, p. 109Canonica, S., Kramer, J.B., Reiss, D., Gygax, H., (1997) Environm Sci Tech, 31, p. 1754Choudhury, A.K.R., (2006) Textile Preparation and Dyeing, , Science Publishers: New YorkIamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2006) Langmuir, 22, p. 9866Lewis, D.M., (1998) J Soc Dyers Col, 114, p. 264Vigil, M.R., Bravo, J., Baselga, J., Yamaki, S.B., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2003) Curr Org Chem, 7, p. 197Schurr, O., Yamaki, S.B., Wang, C.H., Atvars, T.D.Z., Weiss, R.G., (2003) Macromolecules, 36, p. 3485Baldi, L.D.C., Iamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2008) Dyes Pigments, 76, p. 669Iamazaki, E.T., Pereira-Da-Silva, M.A., Carvalho, A.J.F., Romero, R.B., Gonôalves, M.C., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2010) J Appl Polym Sci, p. 118. , electronic version available since junePinto, R., Amaral, A.L., Ferreira, E.C., Mota, M., Vilanova, M., Ruel, K., Gama, M., (2008) BMC Biotechnol, 8, p. 7Berns, R.S., Reiman, D.M., (2002) Col Res Appl, 27, p. 360Billmeyer Jr., F.W., Saltzman, M., (1981) Principles of Color Technology, , 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience: New YorkSenthilkumar, A., (2007) Dyes Pig, 75, p. 356Imura, K., (2007) Color Res Appl, 32, p. 195Imura, K., (2007) Color Res Appl, 32, p. 449Smit, K.J., Ghiggino, K.P., (1991) J Polym Sci Part B-Polym Phys, 29, p. 1397Aloulou, F., Boufi, S., Belgacem, N., Gandini, A., (2004) Colloid Polym Sci, 283, p. 344Alila, S., Boufi, S., Belgacem, M.N., Beneventi, D., (2005) Langmuir, 21, p. 8106O'Haver, J.H., Harwell, J.H., (1995) Surfactant Adsorption and Surface Solubilization, p. 49. , Sharma, R. Ed.ACS Symposium Series 615, American Chemical Society: Washingto

A Morphological View Of The Sodium 4,4′-distyrylbiphenyl Sulfonate Fluorescent Brightness Distribution On Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

Evidence of the sorption of the whitening agent sodium 4,4′- distyrylbiphenyl sulfonate in the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate or the cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride on regenerated cellulose fibers is given by several microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy provided images of the cylindrical fibers with dimensions of 3.5 cm (length) and 13.3 lm (thickness), with empty cores of 1 μm diameter and a smooth surface. Atomic force microscopy showed a fiber surface with disoriented nanometric domains using both tapping-mode height and phase image modes. Atomic force microscopy also showed that the whitening agent and surfactant molecules were sorbed onto the fiber surface, in agreement with the adsolubilization sorption model. Transmission electron microscopy showed fibers with nanometric parallel cylinders, surrounded by holes where the fluorescent whitening molecules accumulated. On the basis of these techniques, we conclude that the sorption process occurs preferentially on the fiber surface in contact with the water solution, and under saturated conditions, the whitening agent penetrates into the pores and are simultaneously sorbed on the pore walls bulk, forming molecular aggregates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.118423212327Pielesz, A., Wesełucha-Birczyńska, A., Freeman, H.S., Wlochowicz, A., (2005) Cellulose, 12, p. 497Kreze, T., Strand, S., Stana-Kleinschek, K., Ribitsch, V., (2001) Mater. Res. Innov., 4, p. 107Abu-Rous, M., Ingolic, E., Schuster, K.C., (2006) Cellulose, 13, p. 411Jakob, H.F., Fengel, D., Tschegg, S.E., Fratzl, P., (1995) Macromolecules, 28, p. 8782Há, M.A., Apperley, D.C., Evans, B.W., Huxham, M., Jardine, W.G., Vietor, R.J., Reis, D., Jarvis, M.C., (1998) Plant. J., 16, p. 183Muller, M., Hori, R., Itoh, T., Sugiyama, J., (2002) Biomacromolecules, 3, p. 182Nigmatullin, R., Lovitt, R., Wright, C., Linder, M., Nakari-Setala, T., Gama, A., (2004) Colloids Surf B. Biointerfaces, 35, p. 125Zugenmaier, P., (2001) Prog. Polym. Sci., 26, p. 1341Krassig, H., (1978) Tappi, 61, p. 93Kotek, R., (2007) Handbook of Fiber Chemistry, p. 667. , 3rd ed.Lewin, M., Ed.CRC Press: New YorkMikhailov, N.V., Gorbacheva, V.O., Krasova, I.I., Milkova, L.P., Bochkina, V.S., Nikolaeva, N.S., (1972) Fiber Chem., 2, p. 619Iamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2007) Langmuir, 23, p. 12886Iamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2006) Langmuir, 22, p. 9866Stana-Kleinschek, K., Strand, S., Ribitsch, V., (1999) Polym. Eng. Sci., 39, p. 1412Stana-Kleinschek, K., Pohar, C., Ribitsch, V., (1995) Colloid Polym. Sci., 273, p. 1174Yamaki, S.B., Barros, D.S., Garcia, C.M., Socoloski, P., Oliveira, O.N., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2005) Langmuir, 21, p. 5414Kim, J., Yun, S., Ounaies, Z., (2006) Macromolecules, 39, p. 4202Iamazaki, E.T., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2008) Dyes Pigm, 76, p. 669Aloulou, F., Boufi, S., Belgacem, N., Gandini, A., (2004) Colloid Polym. Sci., 283, p. 344Alila, S., Boufi, S., Belgacem, M.N., Beneventi, D., (2005) Langmuir, 21, p. 8106O'Haver, J.H., Harwell, J.H., In surfactant adsorption and surface solubilization (1995) ACS Symposium Series, 615, p. 49. , Sharma, R., Ed.American Chemical Society: WashingtonTalhavini, M., Atvars, T.D.Z., Schurr, O., Weiss, R.G., (1998) Polymer., 39, p. 322