Accuracy and response times in the go/no-go and n-back tasks.

a<p>Effect size relative to neutral, given as Cohen's <i>d</i>.</p><p>*Trend towards a difference from neutral condition after Bonferroni correction (<i>p</i><0.1).</p><p>**Significant differences from the neutral condition after Bonferroni correction (<i>p</i><0.01).</p

Effect of Acute Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Depletion (APTD) on Non-Transformed (A) and Log Transformed (B) Progressive Ratio (PR) Exercise Breakpoint Scores in Individuals Recovered from Anorexia Nervosa (AN REC, N = 17) and Healthy Controls (HC, N = 15).

<p>Relative to the balanced condition (BAL), APTD resulted in a significant decrease in PR breakpoint scores among HC only (HC BAL: 1.18 ± 0.76; HC APTD: 0.39 ± 0.68). Relative to HC, AN REC performed significantly more on the PR task during both BAL (1.70 ± 0.61) and APTD (1.74 ± 0.44). In AN REC, raw PR exercise breakpoint scores for were 113.53 ± 200.56 during BAL and 107.94 ± 200.76 during APTD. In HC, they were 36.87 ± 26.38 during BAL and 8.00 ± 14.49 during APTD. Data are expressed as Means ± SD. **<i>P ≤ 0</i>.<i>01</i> *<i>P ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>. ANOVA: analysis of variance. SD: standard deviation.</p

Effect of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion (APTD) on startle eye-blink amplitudes to underweight and healthy female body stimuli (relative to neutral cues) in individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN REC, n = 15) and healthy controls (HC, n = 14).

<p>In the balanced condition (BAL), AN REC showed decreased startle potentiation (an appetitive response) to underweight (5.18 ± 0.58) relative to neutral (5.30 ± 0.54) cues, while HC displayed increased startle potentiation (an aversive response) to underweight (5.35 ± 0.65) relative to neutral (5.19 ± 0.75) cues. In the low DA condition (APTD), AN REC perceived underweight stimuli (5.32 ± 0.53) as more aversive than neutral cues (5.30 ± 0.50), while HC perceived neutral stimuli (5.43 ± 0.56) as more aversive than underweight cues (5.38 ± 0.69); however, during APTD, the differences were not significant. The repeated measures ANOVA was based on the log transformed startle eye-blink potentiations (in millivolts) for AN REC in the BAL (Neutral: 227.43 ± 124.19; Underweight: 204.39 ± 105.90; Healthy: 210.52 ± 94.51) and APTD conditions (Neutral: 224.77 ± 113.62; Underweight: 230.48 ± 118.95; Healthy: 223.19 ± 125.10), and for HC in the BAL (Neutral: 229.66 ± 165.67; Underweight: 254.88 ± 168.49; Healthy: 236.91 ± 159.35) and APTD conditions (Neutral: 259.87 ± 131.95; Underweight: 255.34 ± 133.09; Healthy: 255.01 ± 140.09). Data are expressed as Means ± SD. *<i>P ≤ 0</i>.<i>05</i>. ANOVA: analysis of variance. SD: standard deviation.</p

Effect of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion (APTD) on startle eye-blink amplitudes to physically active and non-active body stimuli (relative to neutral cues) in individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN REC, n = 15) and healthy controls (HC, n = 14).

<p>In the balanced condition (BAL), AN REC tended towards decreased startle potentiation (an appetitive response) to active (5.21 ± 0.55) relative to non-active cues (5.30 ± 0.51), while HC displayed increased startle potentiation (an aversive response) to active (5.29 ± 0.68) relative to neutral (5.19 ± 0.75) cues. In the low DA condition (APTD), AN REC perceived active stimuli (5.44 ± 0.67) as more aversive than neutral cues (5.30 ± 0.50), while HC perceived neutral stimuli (5.43 ± 0.56) as more aversive than non-active cues (5.34 ± 0.54); however, differences did not reach significance during APTD. The repeated measures ANOVA was based on the log transformed startle eye-blink potentiations (in millivolts) for AN REC in the BAL (Neutral: 227.43 ± 124.19; Active: 207.19 ± 99.74; Non-active: 222.70 ± 101.74) and APTD conditions (Neutral: 224.77 ± 113.62; Active: 292.60 ± 263.04; Non-active: 221.80 ± 113.70) and for HC in the BAL (Neutral: 229.66 ± 165.67; Active: 243.64 ± 162.38; Non-active: 231.55 ± 160.60) and APTD conditions (Neutral: 259.87 ± 131.95; Active: 246.08 ± 113.52; Non-active: 235.52 ± 122.55). Data are expressed as Means ± SD. *P ≤ 0.10. ANOVA: analysis of variance. SD: standard deviation.</p

Plasma phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) concentrations (μmol/l), and ratios of tyrosine and phenylalanine to large neutral amino acids (LNAA) at baseline (am) and 4 hour following amino acid ingestion (pm).

<p>Plasma phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) concentrations (μmol/l), and ratios of tyrosine and phenylalanine to large neutral amino acids (LNAA) at baseline (am) and 4 hour following amino acid ingestion (pm).</p

Participant Baseline Characteristics.

<p>Participant Baseline Characteristics.</p

Group comparison between healthy controls and patients with AN for activation in response to symmetry/order images.

<p>BA, Brodmann's area; Voxel-wise <i>P</i>-value <0.05 and cluster-wise <i>P</i>-value <0.002. At this level, the cumulative number of expected false-positive clusters in the group comparison was <1.</p

Mean global MEDCQ-R T-scores pre and post AR/CL, AL/CR, and sham tDCS.

<p>MEDCQ-R, Mize’s Eating Disorder Cognition Questionnaire-Revised; AR/CL, anode right/cathode left; AL/CR, anode left/cathode right; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation. Note: pre-tDCS scores across the three conditions were not significantly different [<i>F</i>(2, 76) = 2.05, <i>p</i> = .136].</p

Schematic representation of study procedure.

<p>Schematic representation of study procedure.</p

Clinical characteristics of the study sample.

<p>Clinical characteristics of the study sample.</p