Метрологическое обеспечение газовых калориметров и анализаторов числа Воббе

The paper describes research on metrological assurance of such measuring instruments as gas calorimeters and Wobbe index analysers. The purpose of the performed research is development of reference materials for gases with certified value of net volume-basis calorific value traceable to Russian state primary standard. Input set of candidate gases is hydrogen, methane, ethane and propane, as well as the target uncertainty of lower volumetric combustion energy value equal to 0,3 % – both were selected basing on results of metrological characteristics analysis of calorimetric equipment. The certified value of lower volumetric combustion energy is traceable to the State Primary Standard of combustion energy, specific combustion energy and volumetric combustion energy units GET 16. The certified value of selected gases and the uncertainty of this value were estimated with usage of comparing calorimeters for the combustion of high- and low-calorie gases «USVG» and «USNG» included in GET 16. Results obtained during investigational study and reference materials characterisation confirmed the stated accuracy. The continuance in prospect may allow development of reference materials for gas imitating mixtures of natural and casing-head gases as well as include Wobbe index in the list of certified characteristics.В статье рассматриваются вопросы метрологического обеспечения средств измерений – газовых калориметров и анализаторов числа Воббе. Цель проведенного исследования – разработка стандартных образцов газов с аттестованным значением низшей объемной энергии сгорания, прослеживаемым к государственному первичному эталону. Исходные чистые газы-кандидаты – водород, метан, этан и пропан, а также целевая неопределенность значения низшей объемной энергии сгорания – 0,3 %, были выбраны на основе результатов анализа метрологических характеристик парка калориметрического оборудования. Аттестованное значение низшей объёмной энергии сгорания прослеживается к государственному первичному эталону единиц энергии сгорания, удельной энергии сгорания и объемной энергии сгорания ГЭТ 16. Аттестованное значение для выбранных газов и его неопределенность были оценены с применением эталонных калориметров-компараторов для сжигания высоко- и низкокалорийных газов «УСВГ» и «УСНГ» из состава ГЭТ 16. Результаты, полученные в ходе экспериментальных исследований и характеризации стандартных образцов, подтвердили заявленные показатели точности. Продолжение исследований позволит в перспективе разработать стандартные образцы газовых смесей-имитаторов природного, попутного и других газов, а также включить число Воббе в список аттестуемых характеристик

Yeast Screens Identify the RNA Polymerase II CTD and SPT5 as Relevant Targets of BRCA1 Interaction

BRCA1 has been implicated in numerous DNA repair pathways that maintain genome integrity, however the function responsible for its tumor suppressor activity in breast cancer remains obscure. To identify the most highly conserved of the many BRCA1 functions, we screened the evolutionarily distant eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae for mutants that suppressed the G1 checkpoint arrest and lethality induced following heterologous BRCA1 expression. A genome-wide screen in the diploid deletion collection combined with a screen of ionizing radiation sensitive gene deletions identified mutants that permit growth in the presence of BRCA1. These genes delineate a metabolic mRNA pathway that temporally links transcription elongation (SPT4, SPT5, CTK1, DEF1) to nucleopore-mediated mRNA export (ASM4, MLP1, MLP2, NUP2, NUP53, NUP120, NUP133, NUP170, NUP188, POM34) and cytoplasmic mRNA decay at P-bodies (CCR4, DHH1). Strikingly, BRCA1 interacted with the phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) carboxy terminal domain (P-CTD), phosphorylated in the pattern specified by the CTDK-I kinase, to induce DEF1-dependent cleavage and accumulation of a RNAPII fragment containing the P-CTD. Significantly, breast cancer associated BRCT domain defects in BRCA1 that suppressed P-CTD cleavage and lethality in yeast also suppressed the physical interaction of BRCA1 with human SPT5 in breast epithelial cells, thus confirming SPT5 as a relevant target of BRCA1 interaction. Furthermore, enhanced P-CTD cleavage was observed in both yeast and human breast cells following UV-irradiation indicating a conserved eukaryotic damage response. Moreover, P-CTD cleavage in breast epithelial cells was BRCA1-dependent since damage-induced P-CTD cleavage was only observed in the mutant BRCA1 cell line HCC1937 following ectopic expression of wild type BRCA1. Finally, BRCA1, SPT5 and hyperphosphorylated RPB1 form a complex that was rapidly degraded following MMS treatment in wild type but not BRCA1 mutant breast cells. These results extend the mechanistic links between BRCA1 and transcriptional consequences in response to DNA damage and suggest an important role for RNAPII P-CTD cleavage in BRCA1-mediated cancer suppression

The politics of the new history school textbooks in the Russian Federation

The chapter examines the ideologically articulated shifts, the images of transformation, and the nation-building process presented in the new generation of school history textbooks in Russia. It analyzes the new content of postSoviet history textbooks used in Russian secondary schools that represents various transformations from communism to a Western-style democracy. It discusses the resultant issues of searching for a new national identity and citizenship during the present transitional period. It critiques the new versions of Russia’s postSoviet history taught in schools, and evaluates their officially defined status as instruments in the Russian process of ideological transformation, and nation-building, currently closely monitored by the state. In other countries, including Australia, these processes are still present but in less formal and more ad hoc ways

A Stress-Criterion-Based Model for the Prediction of the Size of Wear Particles in Boundary Lubricated Contacts

In this paper, the formulation and validation of a model for the prediction of the wear particles size in boundary lubrication is described. An efficient numerical model based on a well-established BEM formulation combined with a mechanical wear criterion was applied. The behavior of the model and particularly the influence of the initial surface roughness and load was explored. The model was validated using measurements of the wear particles formed in steel–steel and steel–brass contacts. In the case of steel–steel contact, a reasonable quantitative agreement was observed. In the case of steel–brass contact, formation of the brass transfer layer dominates the particles generation process. To include this effect, a layered material model was introduced