Human Resources in Geothermal Development

Some 80 countries are potentially interested in geothermal energy development, and about 50 have quantifiable geothermal utilization at present. Electricity is produced from geothermal in 21 countries (total 38 TWh/a) and direct application is recorded in 35 countries (34 TWh/a). Geothermal electricity production is equally common in industrialized and developing countries, but plays a more important role in the developing countries. Apart from China, direct use is mainly in the industrialized countries and Central and East Europe. There is a surplus of trained geothermal manpower in many industrialized countries. Most of the developing countries as well as Central and East Europe countries still lack trained manpower. The Philippines (PNOC) have demonstrated how a nation can build up a strong geothermal workforce in an exemplary way. Data from Iceland shows how the geothermal manpower needs of a country gradually change from the exploration and field development to monitoring and operations

Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of the Esja, Eyrarfjall and Akrafjall Mountains, SW-Iceland

Detailed geological and magnetic mapping in an area of Pliocene and Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks in Southwestern Iceland has enabled us to correlate a 2,100-m-thick lava succession with similar dated sequences in Iceland and with the ocean-floor geomagnetic polarity time scale. This correlation, supported by additional K-Ar dating, implies (1) that the succession is between 4.2 and 1.8 Ma in age, (2) that at least 13 glaciations occurred in Western and Southwestern Iceland between 3.1 and 1.8 Ma ago, and (3) that at least two geomagnetic events are present in the Lower Matuyama epoch. Paleomagnetic results from 353 igneous units, mostly basalt lavas, are tabulated. Analysis of directions from 258 of these shows them to possess some serial correlation; their mean is very close to a central axial dipole field value, but explanations are proposed for observed systematic departures from this field in other Icelandic paleomagnetic survey results.           ARK: https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/y042132 Permalink: https://geophysicsjournal.com/article/184 &nbsp