Non-destructive structural studies of coins from the Uzundara Fortress using X-ray diffraction and neutron tomography

The copper Heliocles coin and two silver Demetrius coins dated to the II century BC from the archaeological works of the Uzundara fortress of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom were studied using non-destructive structural diagnostics methods. The phase analysis of the coins was performed using the X-ray diffraction method. Also, the spatial distribution of the internal components of the coins was investigated by neutron imaging methods. It has been established that the dominant phase of the Heliocles coin is copper, however, a small volume of patina was found. It is mainly represented by tenorite CuO phase. The neutron tomography method indicates a deep penetration of tenorite into the thickness of the coin, and its volume fraction can reach 10% of the total volume. Two Demetrius coins consist entirely of silver. The complex profile of coins due to the features of a coinage was reconstructed. The phase composition, the content of the composite phases and three-dimensional models of the studied coins were obtained

TRANSLATION OF RELIGIOUS EPISTOLARY TEXT FROM RUSSIAN INTO FRENCH: CASE STUDY OF THE SPIRITUAL LIFE AND HOW TO BE ATTUNED TO IT? BY ST. THEOPHAN THE RECLUSE

The article focuses on the study of specifics inherent in the translation of religious texts, in particular, those belonging to epistolary genre. The research is based on the comparison of the Russian and French texts of The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It? by St. Theophan the Recluse with a special emphasis on the analysis of the author's individual style, characterized by specific features at all language levels. The study allowed to identify the main types of translation transformations and to analyze the efficiency of their use. While the syntactic structure of original phrases was predominantly preserved in the translation, the lexical level required a number of transformations, including transposition and calque. In certain cases, the translator used the appropriate French partial equivalent of a Russian word. Certain features of the original text, such as neologisms, were not translated text due to the structural differences between the Russian and French languages. The research demonstrates that in the majority of cases the translator managed to convey the stylistics of the original text

TRANSLATION OF RELIGIOUS EPISTOLARY TEXT FROM RUSSIAN INTO FRENCH: CASE STUDY OF THE SPIRITUAL LIFE AND HOW TO BE ATTUNED TO IT? BY ST. THEOPHAN THE RECLUSE

The article focuses on the study of specifics inherent in the translation of religious texts, in particular, those belonging to epistolary genre. The research is based on the comparison of the Russian and French texts of The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It? by St. Theophan the Recluse with a special emphasis on the analysis of the author's individual style, characterized by specific features at all language levels. The study allowed to identify the main types of translation transformations and to analyze the efficiency of their use. While the syntactic structure of original phrases was predominantly preserved in the translation, the lexical level required a number of transformations, including transposition and calque. In certain cases, the translator used the appropriate French partial equivalent of a Russian word. Certain features of the original text, such as neologisms, were not translated text due to the structural differences between the Russian and French languages. The research demonstrates that in the majority of cases the translator managed to convey the stylistics of the original text

Basic Principles of Comprehensive Biotesting of Drinking Water and Point System Classification of Water Quality

Basic principles of forming test systems for biotesting of natural and drinking waters, and the factors affecting test-systems during the biotesting procedure have been studied. New directions of selecting sensitive test reactions of organisms and test criteria for the quality assessment of natural and drinking waters based on the results of comprehensive biotesting are proposed. The universal point system for drinking water quality estimation was developed. It is based on summation of biotesting results using 4-5 species of animal and plant test-organisms of different systematic and trophic levels. In addition, the total toxicity index of water samples under investigation was also developed. The findings were used in the preparation of the State Standard of Ukraine "Quality of water. Comprehensive biotesting of natural water. Requirements to the selection and cultivation of test organisms. Water quality classification based on the point system"

Genetically Safe Drinking Water. Requirements and Methods of Its Quality Control

The article contains a substantiation of a necessity of a new standard for assessment of the quality of genetically safe drinking water designed for consumption by man. Requirements to the quality of such water include 76 indices and are presented by 10 individual groups; extended is the number of indices of drinking waters of the level of toxicity (biotesting in 7 test objects), normative references to the methods of their control

Genetically Safe Drinking Water. Requirements and Methods of Its Quality Control

The article contains a substantiation of a necessity of a new standard for assessment of the quality of genetically safe drinking water designed for consumption by man. Requirements to the quality of such water include 76 indices and are presented by 10 individual groups; extended is the number of indices of drinking waters of the level of toxicity (biotesting in 7 test objects), normative references to the methods of their control

Basic Principles of Comprehensive Biotesting of Drinking Water and Point System Classification of Water Quality

Basic principles of forming test systems for biotesting of natural and drinking waters, and the factors affecting test-systems during the biotesting procedure have been studied. New directions of selecting sensitive test reactions of organisms and test criteria for the quality assessment of natural and drinking waters based on the results of comprehensive biotesting are proposed. The universal point system for drinking water quality estimation was developed. It is based on summation of biotesting results using 4-5 species of animal and plant test-organisms of different systematic and trophic levels. In addition, the total toxicity index of water samples under investigation was also developed. The findings were used in the preparation of the State Standard of Ukraine "Quality of water. Comprehensive biotesting of natural water. Requirements to the selection and cultivation of test organisms. Water quality classification based on the point system"

Determination of Biological Activity of Water Having a Different Isotope Ratio of Protium and Deuterium

Peculiarities of the vital activity of organisms at different concentrations of the D/H isotope ratio in water have been studied. It was established that many organisms react in different ways to both high and low concentrations of deuterium in water resulting in the reduction or enhancement of the activity of metabolic processes. However, the majority of test organisms have optimal indicators within the limits of natural D/H isotope ratio in water. The experiments with human cells in vitro revealed that the reduced deuterium concentrations significantly changed the vital activity indicators of cultures in deuterium-depleted water media. It was found out that not all taxonomic groups of organisms could be sensitive to changes of the D/H isotope ratio in water