Classification of non-poured ceramics from Kazan Kremlin

The article is devoted to the study of the most massive material during archaeological excavations - non-pouring ceramics obtained after the excavations in the Kazan Kremlin in 1994-1996. The paper gives a brief analysis of the main historical and cultural groups of non-poured ceramics, which were identified by T.A. Khlebnikova. The main approaches on the study the non-pouring ceramics of this monument are presented. The researcher singled out 6 historical and cultural groups of the Kazan Kremlin pottery. With the typology and the classification of ceramic material, it considered the technique of production, the composition of mixture, color, the quality of firing and surface treatment. All the selected groups of ceramics are characteristic of individual layers for the cultural strata of the Kazan Kremlin. T.A. Khlebnikova conducted the systematic and statistical analysis of the entire material. In the archaeological research of the Kazan Kremlin, non-poured ceramics were not subjected to more detailed study and analysis. The attempts to classify non-pourable ceramics were made in the works by N.F. Kalinin, as well as in the generalizing works by A.Kh. Khalikov and L.S. Shavokhin. The works by T.A. Khlebnikova on the processing of the Kazan Kremlin ceramics in 1994-1996 are the first ones when this most massive archaeological source has undergone quite complete processing according to the requirements of the time, and to this day the typology created by it is used by researchers.peer-reviewe

Methodological schemes of typology : the case of the Middle Volga Region

The article deals with the history of iron arrowhead study at the level of typological schemes based on the materials of the Middle Volga region. The task of the work does not include a detailed study of the objects themselves within certain types, only the typology schemes are considered. With a wide range of approaches in the study of arrowheads, each typological scheme has its advantages and disadvantages. Despite a considerable accumulated material on the arrowheads and the growing number of narrowly dated archeological monuments from which they originate, most researchers in their work continue to rely on traditional schemes developed in the 60-ies and 70-ies of the XXth century. There are also new modern approaches in the study of arrowheads. In this regard, it is interesting to trace the development of arrowhead study technique based on the needs and capabilities of archaeological science at different times.peer-reviewe

Non-pourable ceramics of medieval Kazan

The article is devoted to one of the stages in the history of non-pourable ceramics study of the medieval Kazan. Ceramics is the most massive category of archaeological finds during the excavations of medieval cities. It contains significant information that contributes to the solution of layer chronology issues and associated structures of the population ethnic-cultural composition. Moreover, the study of ceramics contributes to the issue of social-economic development of pottery and makes it possible to use it for the dating of archaeological sites. The work presents the main results of archaeological investigations of 1923-1956 conducted by N.F. Kalinin on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin and the historical part of the city. His works are the first attempts to classify and systematize non-pourable ceramics. He also uses technological attributes in the systematization of ceramics: texture, color, thickness and density of a crock, dividing the entire Tatar ceramics into 7 groups, and Russian ceramics into 5 groups on these grounds. The ceramics of medieval Kazan still requires additional research. The obtained results are important not only for the study of the history of Kazan, but also for the study of the region history.peer-reviewe

Civil procedure in the cis: Current state and prospect of development

The article contains an analysis of the main provisions of legal regulation of the civil process in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. There is revealed the judicial system of each state and interesting features, namely:the Constitutional Court of the Azerbaijan Republic is actually a superior authority to appeal the decisions of the Supreme Court;the new judicial system of Armenia acts on the basis of case law;the new Civil Procedure Code of Kazakhstan includes for the first time on the territory of the former Soviet Union the fixed possibility to appeal to the so-called participatory process along with the mediation;the aqsaqal courts act in the Kyrgyz Republic;a special independent body - the Supreme Council of Magistrates - acts in the Republic of Moldova;in 2014 the judicial reform, which resulted in the abolition of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the delegation of its powers and functions to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, was carried out in the Russian Federation;in the Republic of Tajikistan the persons, who are for the first time submitted to a seat on the bench, may work as a trainee-judge during the year upon a proposal of the examination commission of the Council of Justice of the Republic of Tajikistan;Turkmenistan is the only one member-state of the CIS, which judicial system structure does not include the constitutional court as an institution of judicial review of constitutionality. A compliance with the regulations of the Constitution and laws is defined by the Majlis;the possibility of participation of people's assessors in the administration of justice is retained in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Aminoanthraquinone derivatives based on p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene. Synthesis and fluorescence properties

A convenient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene derivatives modified at the lower rim with anthraquinone fragments linked through acetamide spacers. The products showed moderate fluorescence in the region λ 520-620 nm. © 2014 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Migrations and formation of the Volga Bulgarian State (VIII-X C.): Results of the complex analysis

© Serials Publications. The formation of the medieval Bulgarian state has always attracted the attention of researchers, as this event provided the Volga-Ural region's breakthrough to civilization and became an important stage in social, cultural and ethno-political history of the region. Relocation of the Bulgarian tribes living on the right bank of the Middle Don at the end of VII century to the Middle Volga was determining in this process. There they contacted with different communities and tribes, both local and from the Central Asia. Bulgarians sought to create their own statehood. With the weakening of the Khazars' power and the sharp increasing of the international trade on the Great Volga route in the IX century the Bulgarians were gradually establishing their hegemony over the population of the Middle Volga in the confrontation with two other tribal associations. A new phase of folding the foundations of the Bulgarian feudal state began in early X century. During this period there was an active urban growth and international trade along the Great Volga route. At the same time Islam was adopted as the state religion. Bulgarians led by the elteber Almysh (who became a supreme corporate landowner) started to be the military-service class in the new state.922 was the year of diplomatic recognition of Bulgaria. It exchanged embassies with the Baghdad Caliphate. Cities were developing as political, administrative, trade and handicraft centers. During this period a number of elements from the other ethnic groups (Slavic, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian) enter into the Bulgarian squad and its own syncretic culture is produced. But in 940two emirates Bulgar and Suvar were formed. Their state institutions strengthened and Islam spread. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate (in 980) led to strengthening of the Bulgarians united in a Bulgarian state

Interaction of adrenergic and purinergic receptors in the regulation of rat myocardial contractility in postnatal ontogeny

β-Adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol and purinergic receptor agonist 2-methylthio-ATP have a positive effect on the myocardial contractile force and show different efficiencies depending on the age of animals. The maximum inotropic effect of agonists on the ventricular myocardial contractility was observed in 21-day-old rat pups. The study of a combined effect of isoproterenol and 2-methylthio-ATP showed that an increase in the sympathetic regulatory effects on the heart of 21-day-old animals, against the background of a high functional activity of β-adrenergic receptors and P2X receptors of the heart, a combined administration of the agonists led to a mutually complementing effect of an increase in the myocardial contractility. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Inc

Study of anthropogenic and natural impacts on archaeological sites of the Volga Bulgaria period (Republic of Tatarstan) using remote sensing data

© 2016 SPIE.In this paper we consider the possibility of using remote sensing data for determining various negative factors affecting archaeological objects condition on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Fortified settlements, with the system of defensive fortifications, were selected as the objects of study, as they are easily identified by remote sensing data. In our view, the analysis of medieval Volga Bulgars (X-XIII centuries A.D.), the most common in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, has the highest priority. The first task by using remote sensing was to obtain actual data on the current condition of archaeological monuments located on the Kuibyshev reservoir shore, where the threat of destruction is maximized. Due to the fact, that most of the Volga-Bulgaria settlements, is located on the small rivers banks, the second task was geomorphological description of monuments placement in order to assess the risk of their destruction by natural processes. Third objective was to evaluate the role of the human factor in archaeological sites destruction. Ancient settlements under different types of negative impact were selected for the study. Deciphering of multitemporal remote sensing data allowed to assess the objects condition and to predict the risk of further damage. Additionally, it made able to correct the form of the Bulgars hillforts in comparison with existing plans, as well their size and location in the landscape, to restore the original appearance of destroyed fortified settlements, to determine precise coordinates for the further use of these data in the archaeological geographic information systems

Ahl al-Sunnah: Conceptual and formal notions of the Islamic identity at the late 19th -20th centuries in the Volga region

© Serials Publications. The relevance of the problem under study is caused by the increased interest the society has in Islam, its history in the Russian Federation, and particularly in the rites and practices. The article considers forming of the conceptual content of the concept of "Ahl al-Sunnah" (People of the Sunnah) and its lay interpretation at the 19th - 20th centuries. The leading approach to studying this problem is an in-depth analysis of the periodicals and publications as a source that conveys the attitude of contemporaries in the most reliable manner. The article identifies the key features of Muslim identity in the Volga-Ural Region, its heterogeneity and the presence of sub-identities that have formal and conceptual features of common people's self-awareness. The development of this type of sources shows that the Muslim identity implied a double interpretation in the intellectual space of ulama (scholars) and in everyday practice of adherents of Islam

Qualitative assessment of the medieval fortifications condition with the use of remote sensing data (Republic of Tatarstan)

© 2017 SPIE. Archaeological monuments are an essential part of the cultural landscape. According to UNESCO directive, the "cultural landscape" is understood not simply as a result of joint creativity of man and nature, but as a purposefully formed natural and cultural territorial complex, which has structural, functional integrity, developing in specific physical and geographical, cultural and historical conditions. This article discusses the modern condition of the archaeological monuments of the Republic of Tatarstan, as a manmade part of the cultural landscape. Fortified settlements, with the system of defensive fortifications, were selected as the objects of study, as they are easily identified by remote sensing data. Identification and evaluation of monuments destruction risks is a priority in the study of medieval settlements. Due to the fact, that most of monuments is located on the small rivers banks, the first task of our study was to assess the risk of their destruction by natural processes. The second objective was to evaluate the role of the human factor in archaeological sites destruction. One of the main used methods is archival and modern remote sensing data analysis that also made able to correct the form of study settlements in comparison with existing plans, as well their size and location in the landscape. The results of research will help to identify trends in the monuments state and quantify the risks of their destruction