Effectivity of PCR and AGID methods to detect of enzootic bovine leukosis in Indonesia

Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (EBL) is one of viral diseases in cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV), from Retroviridae. The virus can be detected using severals methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), while antibody can be detected using Agar Gel Immunodifussion (AGID). The aim of this experiment was to study the effectivity of PCR and AGID methods to detect enzootic bovine leukosis virus in Indonesia. Samples of peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) were collected from cattles those with and without showing clinical signs. A total of 307 blood  and serum samples were  tested against BLV using PCR and AGID tests, while 21 semen samples which were from similar animals for blood collection were collected only for PCR test. The results indicated that twelve cattles have positive  results with PCR test in PBL, but from those cattles  only seven were positive with AGID. On the other hand, the PCR did not detect EBL in 21 bovine semen samples tested, although one sample gave positive result with PCR in PBL. This results indicated that PCR method from blood samples was more sensitive than that AGID method. The PCR detection was also more sensitive for PBL than that for semen samples

The Prospect of Immunoglobulin Y for Therapy of Canine parvovirus Infection in Dogs

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly infectious virus. The virus causes death in dogs worldwide. The mortality rate due to infection of CPV in dog reaches 91%. Prevention of CPV infection in puppies has been done by vaccination which is effectively proven. Protective mechanisms of maternal antibodies contribute to the failure of vaccination. Highly stable characteristics of parvovirus enable the virus still exist in the environment. Various therapies are performed only to suppress the clinical symptoms but can not reduce puppy mortalities. This review discusses CPV alternative therapy and the advantages using immunoglobulin Y (IgY) specific antibodies isolated from chicken egg yolk. Immunoglobulin Y will neutralize the virus, so it can not infect host cells. Intravenous IgY therapy has shown to suppress the spread of CPV infection and prevent death. Key words: Parvovirus, canine, immunotherapy, immunoglobulin

Awareness of Ebola: An Exotic Zoonotic Disease

Filovirus including Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic disease that characterised by immune suppression and systemic inflammatory response causing impairment of the vascular and immune systems. It is leading to multiorgan failures with mortality varies from 50-90% in human and primate. The Ebola virus is currently divided into five species, namely Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Geographical distribution of Ebola virus in the Afrotropics region is mainly in the rainforests of Central and West Africa, while REBOV was detected in the Philippines. Bats are suspected as reservoir host of the virus. Recently, Ebola cases had been reported in endemic areas in Africa and then distributed to other countries which was not endemic through human travellers. Ebola virus is also potentially used as a biological weapon, so Ebola virus becomes public health concern. This paper describes the characters of Ebola virus, its clinical signs, transmission and threat as an exotic disease in Indonesia. By understanding the disease, the emergence of Ebola virus in Indonesia can be anticipated quickly. Key words: Ebola virus, exotic, pathoge

African Swine Fever: Penyakit Emerging yang Mengancam Peternakan Babi di Dunia

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease in pigs that caused by the double-stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. The disease is characterized by haemorrhages in the ears, back and legs. This virus causes death in pigs and has a large economic impact. However, ASF is not a zoonotic disease, hence it has no an impact on human health. This paper  will discuss about ASF disease, route of transmision, how to diagnose, and handling of ASF. This disease has spread throughout Asia in a relatively short time in 2019, and this exotic disease has been reported entering Indonesia at the end of 2019. There is no effective prevention and control of the disease. Several vaccines have been developed but are still considered ineffective while commercial vaccines are not yet available. Safety and effectiveness of vaccines are still being considered because ASF virus is very unique and different from other DNA viruses,. Therefore, prevention of ASF infection should be done by conducting strict biosecurity, applying regulations on the movement of pigs and pig products to the region or country

The prevalence of Japanese-B-Encephalitis in different species in Indonesi

Japanese-B-Encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic disease which is characterized by encephalitis, caused by JE virus. The situation of this disease has not been known in both animals and human in Indonesia. This paper reports serological finding using competitive - ELISA to evaluate 953 serum samples, comprised of chicken, ducks, cattle, goats, horses, dogs, pigs and human from different areas in Indonesia. The antibody against JE virus was detected in animals and human sera, with prevalence varied among species and location. Cattle showed the highest prevalence of reactor (51 %) while pigs, dogs and horses had the lowest reactor (11%,12% and ]4%). The highest prevalence of reactor in cattle was found in North Sumatera (86%) and the lowest was found in West Java (23%). In goat, the highest prevalence of reactor was found in West Kalimantan (59%) and the lowest was detected in South Sulawesi (14%). Antibody against JE virus was also detected in chicken with the highest prevalence in North Sumatera and West Kalimantan (44%) and the lowest was in South Sulawesi (36%). The highest percentage of reactor in pigs was detected in South Sulawesi (50%) and the lowest was detected in West Kalimantan (2%). In human, the highest prevalence of reactor was found in West Kalimantan (30%) and the lowest was fowld in Irian Jaya. This result provide more information for further research, therefor the JE cases in Indonesia and its social, economic and psychological impacts can be anticipated as earlyas possible.   Key words: Japanese-B-Encephalitis, antibody, animals, human, ELIS

Analisa Kinerja Ruas Jalan Manado Bypass Tahap I Di Kota Manado

Ruas jalan Manado Bypass tahap I adalah salah satu bagian dari satu kesatuan jalan lingkar yang mengitari kota Manado dan berfungsi sebagai jalan alternatif dalam kota, juga berperan untuk mengalihkan arus lalu lintas yang melintasi kota Manado, agar tidak mengganggu kapasitas dan kinerja jalan yang ada di dalam kota Manado sendiri. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan kota Manado, terjadi juga peningkatan arus lalu lintas yang dipicu antara lain oleh pertumbuhan penduduk dan tata guna lahan. Pertumbuhan arus lalu lintas ini tidak diimbangi dengan penambahan kapasitas jalan sehingga mengakibatkan menurunnya kinerja ruas jalan ini. Selain itu banyaknya jumlah akses pada ruas jalan ini juga mempengaruhi kinerja dari ruas jalan ini. Penurunan kinerja ruas jalan Manado Bypass tahap I ini dapat dilihat dari kondisi jalan yang ada, dimana sudah terjadi kemacetan, kecepatan kendaraan yang menurun hingga kurang dari kecepatan rencana serta waktu tempuh yang meningkat. Studi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini bersifat riset yang dilakukan di ruas jalan Manado Bypass tahap I selama tiga hari survey. Survey dilakukan pada dua ruas jalan pada pukul 06.00 – 21.00 dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja ruas jalan tersebut. Teknik analisa data dilakukan dengan menggunakan MKJI 1997 untuk menghitung kapasitas dan derajat kejenuhan. Berdasarkan hasil survey, diperoleh hasil penelitian yaitu volume (Q) puncak berkisar antara 1383 smp/jam sampai 2036 smp/jam dengan volume puncak tertinggi pada ruas jalan antara Simpang empat menuju Perkamil dan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan sampai simpang tiga menuju Maumbi. Kecepatan rata-rata berkisar pada 35,357 km/jam – 41,715 km/jam. Volume Capacity Ratio (VCR) berada pada rentang 0,555 – 0,658 dengan VCR terendah terjadi pada ruas jalan antara simpang tiga menuju Narwastu sampai simpang tiga menuju Kembes. Tingkat pelayanan (LOS) pada kedua ruas jalan identik, namun berdasarkan VCR, tingkat pelayanan terburuk terjadi pada ruas jalan antara simpang empat menuju Perkamil dan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan sampai simpang tiga menuju Maumbi dengan tingkat pelayanan C, nilai VCR 0,658, kecepatan rata-rata 35,357 km/jam dan terjadi pada hari Kamis, 29 Januari 2015

Pengaruh Kompetensi, Komitmen Organisasi dan Keterlibatan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT. Pln (Persero) Wilayah Suluttenggo

Karyawan sebagai sumber daya utama Perusahaan dituntut untuk memberikan pelayanan terbaik kepada konsumen dan memberikan kinerja yang optimal. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sumber daya manusia sangat berpengaruh terhadap kesuksesan Perusahaan dalam pencapaian tujuannya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui apakah Kompetensi, Komitmen Organisasi dan Keterlibatan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Populasi Penelitian Merupakan Karyawan PT. PLN, dan sampel sebanyak 63 Karyawan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian asosiatif dengan teknik Analisa data menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan secara simultan Kompetensi, Keterlibatan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Karyawan, secara parsial Komitmen Organisasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Karyawan sedangkan Kompetensi dan Komitmen Organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Pimpinan PT. PLN sebaiknya meningkatkan Kesejateraan karyawan, agar karyawan dapat merasa nyaman bekerja di Perusahaan. Kata kunci: kompetensi, komitmen, keterlibatan kerja, kinerj

Analisa Pemilihan Moda Angkutan Kota Manado – Kota Gorontalo Menggunakan Model Binomial-logit-selisih

Aktifitas pergerakan antara kota Manado – kota Gorontalo merupakan pergerakan yang cukup padat. Pergerakan antara kedua kota tersebut dapat dilayani oleh dua moda yaitu bus dan mobil sewa. Angkutan bus lebih banyak diminati mengingat harga/biaya perjalanannya murah. Permasalahan moda bus dan mobil sewa ialah pergerakan penumpang rute Manado – Gorontalo yang cukup besar, tidak berimbang antara moda bus dan moda mobil sewa akibatnya penumpang yang menggunakan moda bus beralih ke moda mobil sewa dan tidal lagi memperhatikan faktor Kenyamanan dan keamanan penumpang. Melihat kondisi ini, semua pilihan diserahkan pada pengguna jasa yang mempertimbangkan cost/biaya, waktu tempuh dan waktu tunggu. Dari hasil analisa didapat suatu pemodelan antara moda bus dan moda mobil sewa yang diperoleh dengan persamaan linear y = 13,76 + 0,00165X1 + 1,655X2 + 6,998X3 dimana X1 adalah ∆Cost, X2 adalah ∆Waktu Tempuh dan X3 adalah ∆Waktu Tunggu. Dari persamaan tersebut dapat diperoleh model pemilihan moda transportasi yang menjelaskan probabilitas pelaku perjalanan dalam memilih moda bus dan moda mobil sewa