Gravitational intraction on quantum level and consequences thereof

The notion of gravitational emission as an emission of the same level with electromagnetic emission is based on the proven fact of existence of electrons stationary states in its own gravitational field, characterized by gravitational constantComment: 22 pages, 9 figure

Initial State Fluctuations and Complete Destruction of the Projectile Nucleus in Interactions of Asymmetric Nuclei at High Energies

A study of characteristics of the events of complete destruction of the projectile nucleus in the interactions between asymmetric nuclei for different initial states of the collision, is performed. In the interactions of the sulfur nuclei with heavy emulsion nuclei at energy 200 AGeV, anomalous high number of events the complete destruction of the projectile nuclei, is observed. The high probability of such events depends on the energy of interaction (it is not detected in the interactions of the sulfur nuclei with emulsion nuclei at energy of 3.7 AGeV), on the degree of asymmetry of the interacting nuclei (it is not detected in interactions of the sulfur nuclei with light emulsion nuclei) and on initial state of interaction (it is not detected in peripheral collisions). These events are characterized by high multiplicity of secondary particles and narrow angular distribution at large angles (they form narrow peak in the region of small values of average pseudorapidity)

Математическое моделирование влияния вакцинации на распространение эпидемии COVID-19

The mathematical model based on a system of ordinary differential equations is proposed to describe the effect of the vaccination rate on the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of numerical modeling are presented for the case when vaccination begins after the beginning of the epidemic. A dimensionless vaccination parameter V was obtained, which allows one to characterize the effect of the vaccination rate on the reduction of the incidence of viral diseases with different virulence levels in a large closed population of people. Introducing this parameter allows the simulation results to be generalized to the populations of different size, different epidemic spread rate, different vaccination rate, and different vaccine efficiency. It has been shown that increasing the parameter V decreases the proportion of the sick population. It follows from our model that the vaccination influence on the spread of a respiratory viral disease such as COVID-19 decreases for a later initiation of vaccination. The simulation results should contribute to the development of optimal vaccination scenarios for the population.Предложена математическая модель на основе системы обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений для описания влияния темпа вакцинации на распространение эпидемии типа COVID-19. Приведены результаты численного моделирования для случая, когда вакцинация начинается после начала распространения эпидемии. Получен безразмерный параметр вакцинации V, который позволяет количественно характеризовать влияние темпа вакцинации на снижение заболеваемости вирусными заболеваниями с различными уровнями вирулентности в большой замкнутой популяции людей. Введение этого параметра позволяет переносить результаты моделирования на популяции других размеров для разных скоростей распространения эпидемии, разных скоростей вакцинирования и разной эффективности вакцин. Показано, что увеличение параметра вакцинации V при прочих равных условиях приводит к снижению доли заболевшего населения. Показано также, что при постоянном темпе вакцинации ее влияние на распространение респираторного вирусного заболевания типа COVID-19 снижается при более позднем начале вакцинации. Результаты моделирования могут способствовать разработке оптимальных сценариев вакцинации населения

РЕЖИМЫ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАТИЧЕСКОГО ОСАЖДЕНИЯ ФЕМТОЛИТРОВЫХ КАПЕЛЬ РАСТВОРОВ НА ПОДЛОЖКУ-ЭЛЕКТРОД ПРИ ПОНИЖЕННОМ ДАВЛЕНИИ

For reduced pressure 60–300 Torr experimental results and theoretical estimates of electrostatic deposition of femtoliter droplets, containing inside nanoparticles, from the gas stream on substrate-electrode are presented. It is shown that the corona discharge with a stream of droplets is stable in a limited range of currents and voltages. Similarity criterion of the process of electrostatic deposition is obtained. It was found that the use a thin dielectric substrate, covering the electrodes, significantly reduces agglomeration of charged droplets due to Coulomb repulsion.Представлены экспериментальные результаты и теоретические оценки осаждения при пониженном давлении 60–300 торр фемтолитровых капель, содержащих внутри наночастицы, из газового потока на подложку-электрод. Показано, что коронный разряд с потоком капель устойчив в ограниченном диапазоне токов и напряжений. Установлен параметр подобия процесса электростатического осаждения. Обнаружено, что осаждение на диэлектрическую подложку, закрывающую электрод, существенно уменьшает агломерацию капель за счет кулоновского отталкивания

Pharmacy Compounding Regulation in the German Pharmaceutical Market. Part 1. Basic Regulatory Provisions (Review)

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. There is a need to move towards an appropriate system of quality assurance in pharmacy compounding. At the same time, the development of a Russian regulatory system for pharmacy compounding requires a broad understanding of international experience.AIM. This study aimed at analysing the basic principles of pharmacy compounding regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany in order to identify best practices and determine ways to improve the legal and regulatory framework for compounding pharmacies in the Russian Federation.DISCUSSION. According to German law, pharmacies may dispense compounded medicinal products on an oral request from a patient. The German regulatory framework provides a mechanism delineating medicinal products compounded by pharmacies and those manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The geographical and quantitative restrictions combined with the neutral pricing policy for pharmacies facilitate the establishment of a highly effective pharmaceutical supply system. In practice, this system helps set uniform prices for medicinal products throughout Germany while preventing pharmacy chains from monopolising the pharmaceutical market. These regulations can be considered regulatory mechanisms operating at the regional (land) level. Moreover, it is of key importance that German legislation divides compounded medicinal products into stock and extemporaneous preparations.CONCLUSIONS. German pharmaceutical practice features a number of innovations that can be borrowed for Russian pharmaceutical practice. Russian pharmaceutical legislation may benefit from adopting the concept of a “request from an individual” for dispensing compounded medicinal products that do not contain prescription-only active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In order to improve the efficiency of the use of pharmaceutical-quality raw materials, including APIs, it is necessary to identify cases in which regular pharmacies can receive or purchase compounded medicinal products from compounding pharmacies and cases in which compounding pharmacies can purchase APIs from other compounding pharmacies. The authors recommend considering the possibility of defining the role, functions, and powers of self-regulating professional pharmacy organisations at various levels of governance in this social sphere of activity. Furthermore, the authors recommend creating a Russian mechanism to mitigate the risks of stock shortages and/or limited supply of medicinal products that would be similar to the German “standard authorisation” system and would encompass compounding pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies