Economic evaluation of the eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea in the Swiss dairy sector

The aim of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of the BVD eradication program in the Swiss dairy sector. The situation before the start of the program (herd-level prevalence: 20%) served as a baseline scenario. Production models for three dairy farm types were used to estimate gross margins as well as net production losses and expenditures caused by BVD. The total economic benefit was estimated as the difference in disease costs between the baseline scenario and the implemented eradication program and was compared to the total eradication costs in a benefit-cost analysis. Data on the impact of BVD virus (BVDV) infection on animal health, fertility and production parameters were obtained empirically in a retrospective epidemiological case-control study in Swiss dairy herds and complemented by literature. Economic and additional production parameters were based on benchmarking data and published agricultural statistics. The eradication costs comprised the cumulative expenses for sampling and diagnostics. The economic model consisted of a stochastic simulation in @Risk for Excel with 20,000 iterations and was conducted for a time period of 14 years (2008–2021)

Converting multilevel nonclassicality into genuine multipartite entanglement

Characterizing genuine quantum resources and determining operational rules for their manipulation are crucial steps to appraise possibilities and limitations of quantum technologies. Two such key resources are nonclassicality, manifested as quantum superposition between reference states of a single system, and entanglement, capturing quantum correlations among two or more subsystems. Here we present a general formalism for the conversion of nonclassicality into multipartite entanglement, showing that a faithful reversible transformation between the two resources is always possible within a precise resource-theoretic framework. Specializing to quantum coherence between the levels of a quantum system as an instance of nonclassicality, we introduce explicit protocols for such a mapping. We further show that the conversion relates multilevel coherence and multipartite entanglement not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively, restricting the amount of entanglement achievable in the process and in particular yielding an equality between the two resources when quantified by fidelity-based geometric measures

Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study:New Technology and Preliminary Results

It is almost 20 years since the largest observational, multicentre study evaluating the risks of mortality associated with general anaesthesia in horses. We proposed an internet-based method to collect data (cleaned and analysed with R) in a multicentre, cohort, observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective study to evaluate peri-operative equine mortality. The objective was to report the usefulness of the method, illustrated with the preliminary data, including outcomes for horses seven days after undergoing general anaesthesia and certain procedures using standing sedation. Within six months, data from 6701 procedures under general anaesthesia and 1955 standing sedations from 69 centres were collected. The results showed (i) the utility of the method; also, that (ii) the overall mortality rate for general anaesthesia within the seven-day outcome period was 1.0%. In horses undergoing procedures other than exploratory laparotomy for colic (“noncolics”), the rate was lower, 0.6%, and in “colics” it was higher, at 3.4%. For standing sedations, the overall mortality rate was 0.2%. Finally, (iii) we present some descriptive data that demonstrate new developments since the previous CEPEF2. In conclusion, horses clearly still die unexpectedly when undergoing procedures under general anaesthesia or standing sedation. Our method is suitable for case collection for future studies

A systematic review of the prevalence of post-operative complications after general anaesthesia in adult horses (2000-2023)

Background: Equine post-operative morbidity represents a significant concern for both veterinary surgeons and horse owners. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of post-operative complications in horses after elective/non-abdominal surgery or colic surgery. Study design: Systematic review. Methods: A database search identified eligible studies which reported the prevalence of equine post-operative complications published as a full paper in English in a peer-reviewed journal between 2000 and 2023. Studies were evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) framework. Data for the most commonly reported complications were analysed using Chi-squared analysis of weighted means to answer 13 PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator and Outcomes) questions. Results: Sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Data for eight post-operative morbidities (colic, surgical site complications, myopathy/neuropathy, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, respiratory complications) were sufficient to allow statistical analyses. The weighted mean of the overall proportion of post-operative complications after elective/non-abdominal surgery is 17.48% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 13.20–22.92), significantly increasing to 55.62% (95% CI: 45.79–65.03) after colic surgery (odds ratio [OR] 6.63; 95% CI: 5.83–7.56; p &lt; 0.001). The most commonly reported morbidity was post-operative colic, with a weighted mean prevalence of 7.45% (95% CI: 4.83–11.76) after elective/non-abdominal surgery, significantly rising to 26.46% (95% CI: 19.11–35.97) after colic surgery (OR 4.11; 95% CI: 3.60–4.71; p &lt; 0.001). The weighted mean prevalence of surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis and respiratory complications were significantly higher after colic surgery compared with elective/non-abdominal surgery. Myopathy/neuropathy was the only morbidity where prevalence was not different between groups (OR 1.86; 95% CI: 0.86–4.16; p = 0.16). Main limitations: The majority of studies were retrospective. Morbidity definitions, data collection periods, follow-up time and methods varied between studies. Conclusions: Based on current evidence, the prevalence of post-operative colic, surgical site complications, laminitis, diarrhoea/colitis, fever/pyrexia, jugular thrombophlebitis/thrombosis and respiratory complications is significantly higher after colic surgery compared with elective/non-abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia.</p

Sixty years of equine anaesthesia - are we getting better at it?

OBJECTIVE: To present the essence of the presentation 'CEPEF - what we knew then and what we know now' given at the autumn meeting of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists in 2024, celebrating its 60th anniversary.DATABASES USED: (this is not a formal systematic review). PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the 4th Confidential Enquiry into Equine Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4). Search terms used: horse; pony; equine; anaesthesia; anesthesia; recovery; morbidity and mortality.CONCLUSIONS: It is well recognized that general anaesthesia carries a greater risk of mortality in horses than in other domestic species and humans. The history of equine anaesthesia, whose beginnings were not far removed from those of human anaesthesia, is traced from its start in the 19th century. The extent of the risk of equine anaesthesia-related mortality was first formally documented in the 1980s. Subsequent studies have evaluated developments including new drugs and methods of their administration, enhanced monitoring and a range of handling procedures. These changes appear to be associated with a decrease in the mortality risk in healthy horses from around 1% in 2002 to 0.6% in 2025. However, the risk of mortality is still serious, and the results of CEPEF4 outline potential areas for improvement and for further research via the proposed CEPEF5.</p

Designing Digital Voting Systems for Citizens: Achieving Fairness and Legitimacy in Digital Participatory Budgeting

Digital Participatory Budgeting (PB) has become a key democratic tool for resource allocation in cities. Enabled by digital platforms, new voting input formats and aggregation have been utilised. Yet, challenges in achieving fairness and legitimacy persist. This study investigates the trade-offs in various voting and aggregation methods within digital PB. Through behavioural experiments, we identified favourable voting design combinations in terms of cognitive load, proportionality, and perceived legitimacy. The research reveals how design choices profoundly influence collective decision-making, citizen perceptions, and outcome fairness. Our findings offer actionable insights for human-computer interaction, mechanism design, and computational social choice, contributing to the development of fairer and more transparent digital PB systems and multi-winner collective decision-making process for citizens.Comment: Submitted to ACM Digital Government: Research and Practic

Error management in large data sets: A critical component of data collection in veterinary medicine

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of a webpage incorporating a real-time error management system for the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities 4 (CEPEF4).STUDY DESIGN: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study.ANIMALS: Data sets from 48,075 general anaesthetics and 12,453 standing sedations.METHODS: Comparison of three consecutive phases of data collection [phase I: personal document file (PDF) by e-mail, manual revision; phase II: PDF by e-mail, automatic revision; phase III: web system, automatic correction] objectively (number of e-mails sent and received by the data managers related to data correction; number of detected errors by phase) and subjectively (16 questions in Likert format; one open-ended question).RESULTS: Objectively, the average number of e-mails sent per day was reduced from phase I (3.6) and II (3.9) to 1.7 in phase III. The ratio of e-mails per 100 cases received was reduced from phase I (5.8) and II (4.0) to 2.4 in phase III. Errors remained below 2,000 during phase I, reaching a peak of 5,430 in phase 2 owing to a strengthened error detection strategy. During phase III, errors were reduced from 3,200 to 423 within 94 days. Subjectively, questions evaluating the PDF system indicated that users overall agree/strongly agree (54-84%) with its comfort level versus the (89-99%) of the web system. When compared, users found the web system more comfortable than the PDF system (86-95%).CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The transition to a real-time error management system in phase III led to considerably fewer e-mails sent and received plus fewer errors. Users also found the website preferable to the PDF system. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing an error management system to minimize data inaccuracies and to improve the overall efficiency and ease of use of large data set collection in veterinary medicine.</p

Housing system and herd size interactions in Norwegian dairy herds; associations with performance and disease incidence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>According to the Norwegian animal welfare regulations, it has been forbidden to build new tie-stall barns since the end of 2004. Previous studies have shown that cow performance and health differ between housing systems. The interaction between housing system and herd size with respect to performance and disease incidence has not been evaluated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cow performance and health in 620 herds housed in free-stall barns were compared with in 192 herds housed in tie-stall barns based on a mail survey and data from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording and Cattle Health Systems. The housing systems herds were comparable with respect to herd size (15-55 cows). Associations between performance/disease incidence and housing system, herd size and year of building the cow barn were tested in general linear models, and values for fixed herd size of 20 and 50 cows were calculated. On the individual cow level mixed models were run to test the effect of among others housing system and herd size on test-day milk yield, and to evaluate lactation curves in different parities. All cows were of the Norwegian Red Breed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Average milk production per cow-year was 134 kg lower in free-stall herd than in tie-stall herds, but in the range 27-45 cows there was no significant difference in yields between the herd categories. In herds with less than 27 cows there were increasingly lower yields in free-stalls, particularly in first parity, whereas the yields were increasingly higher in free-stalls with more than 45 cows.</p> <p>In free-stalls fertility was better, calving interval shorter, and the incidence rate of teat injuries, ketosis, indigestions, anoestrus and cystic ovaries was lower than in tie-stalls. All of these factors were more favourable in estimated 50-cow herds as compared to 20-cow herds. In the larger herd category, bulk milk somatic cell counts were higher, and the incidence rate of mastitis (all cases) and all diseases was lower.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study has shown that there is an interaction between housing system and herd size, and that performance and health is not universally better in small free-stalls than in tie-stalls.</p

Geometric approach to entanglement quantification with polynomial measures

We show that the quantification of entanglement of any rank-2 state with any polynomial entanglement measure can be recast as a geometric problem on the corresponding Bloch sphere. This approach provides insight into the properties of entanglement and allows us to relate different polynomial measures to each other, simplifying their quantification. In particular, unveiling and exploiting the geometric structure of the concurrence for two qubits, we show that the convex roof of any polynomial measure of entanglement can be quantified exactly for all rank-2 states of an arbitrary number of qubits which have only one or two unentangled states in their range. We give explicit examples by quantifying the three-tangle exactly for several representative classes of three-qubit states. We further show how our methods can be used to obtain analytical results for entanglement of more complex states if one can exploit symmetries in their geometric representation