Clinico-immunological effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection

We studied 44 patients with different complications of respiratory syncytial virus infection (bronchitis, acute tonsillitis, pneumonia). 29 patients were treated by recombinant interferon-α2b in the form of rectal suppositories (Viferon) as an addition medication to a common therapy. The results of clinical and immunological analysis showed that use of interferon in case of bronchitis or acute tonsillitis may be unreasonable, but it had relative indications in case of pneumoni

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B

Hronic hepatitis B belongs to a category of socially significant diseases due to its wide abundance in the world and high frequency of unfavourable outcomes of this disease. Features of interaction of hepatitis B virus with human immune system, accompanying development of mechanisms of escape from immunological control, is the basis of development of chronic hepatitis B. Molecular-biological features of hepatitis B virus are the basis of the indicated mechanisms, and the content of this review is their examination. Herewith, stages of immunopathogenesis of this disease is the basis of characteristics of interaction of viral proteins with cells of immune system, and isolation of those is accepted in contemporary foreign literature

MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION OF VIRAL CAUSATIVE AGENTS IN PATIENTS CO-INFECTED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND HEPATITIS C VIRUSES

In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 20 - 30% of cases co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is observed, that is associated with common routes of transmission for these causative agents. The main cause of lethal outcome for co-infected patients is liver damage. Thus, analysis of mechanisms of mutual influence of HIV and HCV under the conditions of co-infection gains special attention, that can be examined from both standpoints of direct inter-molecular interaction of 2 viral causative agents, as well as from the position of their immune-mediated effect. Negative effect of HIV on the course of fibrosis process in liver during HCVinfection is associated with the feature of this virus to cause deep alteration in the immune system by direct damage of CD4+ cells, disruption of mechanisms of immunological memory, suppression of functions of liver fraction of NK and NKT, as well as its ability of co-receptor interaction with hepatocytes and stellate cells, enhancing progress of fibrosis alterations and HCV replication in liver. HCV is also established to effect replication of HIV, stimulate infection of macrophages with this virus. All these events facilitate the rise in lethality during HIV and HCV co-infection

COINFECTION BY HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUSES: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PATHOGENS AND PROSPECTS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus and obligate companion of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The clinical significance of HDV and HBV coinfection is associated with more severe forms of acute or chronic viral hepatitis, a higher risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma compared to BGV-monoinfection. Current knowledge of the molecular biology of pathogens confirms the existence of a very complex relationship between the HBV, HDV, infected hepatocytes and cells of the immune system. Despite the fact that HBV viremia can now be controlled by using nucleoside analogues in the majority of patients, the problem of treating HDV and HBV coinfection is far from being resolved. Fundamental studies in recent years have led to significant progress in understanding the biology of HDV and provide the basis for the development and introduction into clinical practice highly effective antiviral drugs

ОППОРТУНИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ НЕБАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ПРИРОДЫ КАК ПРИЧИНА ЛЕТАЛЬНЫХ ИСХОДОВ У ВИЧ-ИНФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ. ЧАСТЬ II. МИКОЗЫ

The second part of the literature review, on the analysis of the causes of deaths arising from nonbakterial opportunistic infections of the HIV/AIDS patients, includes the information about the role in this urgent problem of pathogenic fungi genera Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, Candida. In the point of view of the modern approach the importance of expanding the range of conditionally pathogenic species implicated in the development of generalized mycotic pathology, as well as finding the entrance gate of pathogens and conditions of their dissemination primarily associated with immune mechanisms are noted. There is also summarized the value of the accompanying infectious processes and a combination of mycosis themselves. There are showed some of the recent years achievements in laboratory diagnosis of mycosis. The analysis focuses on finding the best ways for researchers to predict the possible deaths of opportunistic mycoses of the HIV/AIDS patients.Вторая часть обзора литературы, посвященного анализу причин летальных исходов, обусловленных оппортунистическими инфекциями небактериальной природы у больных с ВИЧ/СПИД, включает сведения о роли в этой актуальной проблеме патогенных грибов родов Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, Candida. C точки зрения современного подхода отмечается значение расширения спектра условно-патогенных видов, причастных к развитию микотической генерализованной патологии, а также поиску входных ворот возбудителей и условий их диссеминации, в первую очередь связанной с иммунными механизмами. Кратко охарактеризовано значение сопутствующих инфекционных процессов, как и сочетания самих микозов, показаны некоторые достижения последних лет в лабораторной диагностике микозов. Проведенный анализ нацеливает исследователей на поиск оптимальных способов прогнозирования возможных летальных исходов оппортунистических микозов у больных с ВИЧ/СПИД

ОППОРТУНИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ НЕБАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ПРИРОДЫ КАК ПРИЧИНА ЛЕТАЛЬНЫХ ИСХОДОВ У ВИЧ-ИНФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ. Часть I. ЦИТОМЕГАЛОВИРУСНАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ, ТОКСОПЛАЗМОЗ

This survey contains the data analysis of literature, that is devoted to the urgent problem of development of the most commonly registered nonbacterial opportunistic infections (viral, fungal, protozoal) and their resulting deaths of the HIV/AIDS patients. The first part contains information about opportunistic nature of cytomegalovirus infection and toxoplasmosis, while the development and course of the mentioned infections of patients with HIV/AIDS, their immunopathogenesis and the most frequent clinical manifestations are given too. There are also mentioned the reasons and risk factors of deaths, the ability to influence them of accompanying infectious processes. Moreover, there is possible to see the methods of laboratory diagnostics. At the conclusion of the first part of the article, the lack of knowledge about the problems of forecasting deaths with сytomegalovirus infection and toxoplasmosis, as well as the need for further action are being highlighted.Обзор содержит анализ данных литературы, посвященных актуальной проблеме развития наиболее часто регистрируемых оппортунистических инфекций небактериальной природы (вирусной, протозойной, грибковой) и обусловленных ими летальных исходов у больных с ВИЧ/СПИД. Часть I содержит сведения об оппортунистическом характере цитомегаловирусной инфекции и токсоплазмоза, при этом дается характеристика особенностей развития и течения названных инфекций у больных с ВИЧ/СПИД, их иммунопатогенеза и наиболее частых клинических проявлений, обозначаются основные причины и факторы риска летальных исходов, возможность влияния на них сопутствующих инфекционных процессов, приемы лабораторной диагностики. В первой части статьи подчеркивается недостаточная изученность проблемы прогнозирования летальных исходов при цитомегаловирусной инфекции и токсоплазмозе, как и необходимость ее дальнейшего решения