Effect of salt stress on plants of wild-type <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L. and transformants with a choline oxidase (<i>cod</i>A) gene

Background. Soil salinity is one of the limiting factors for plant growth and productivity. The areas of saline lands increase annually, so it is important to study the mechanisms of plant resistance to salt stress.Material and methods. We studied the effect of salt stress on tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) of the wild type (‘Samsun’) and the transgenic line Cod 38 obtained by introducing the сodA gene, encoding bacterial choline oxidase, from Arthrobacter globiformis. Salt tolerance of the compared genotypes was assessed according to the growth indicators and the ability to preserve the pool of photosynthetic pigments under model salt stress conditions (150 mМ NaCl). The sensitivity of plants to salt stress was analyzed using biochemical tests that reflected the intensity of peroxidation processes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase).Results. The survival rates and biometric characteristics of transformants under salt stress were significantly higher than in wild-type plants. Under the impact of salt stress, the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves of ‘Samsun’ plants decreased 1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively. Contrastingly, transformants under the same conditions showed a tendency to increase the pool of plastid pigments. A peculiarity of transgenic plants was also the reduced malondialdehyde content in their leaves, which indicates a low intensity of lipid peroxidation during salinization and can be explained by the functioning of endogenous glycine betaine as a compound with a multifunctional effect.Conclusions. It was shown that the transformation of plants with the bacterial gene of choline oxidase, followed by the accumulation of the protein product of the codA gene – glycine betaine, even in a minimal amount, was accompanied by positive effects on tobacco plants under salt stress conditions

Диагностика и интенсивная терапия кардиологического синдрома Х

Objective: to study the efficacy of the atypical neuroleptic sulpiride in the complex intensive therapy for cardialgic syndrome X (CSX).Subjects and methods. Sixty-six patients with CSX were randomly divided into 2 groups comparable by clinical and history data. Group 1 including 33 patients received traditional intensive antianginal therapy. Group 2 patients were additionally given the atypical neuroleptic sulpiride. The duration of therapy was 4 weeks; thereafter the impact of the therapy performed was evaluated by the time course of changes in anginal symptoms, the frequency of attacks a day, the adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular system, and psychoneurological status.Results. In Group 2 patients taking sulpiri-de in complex therapy, there were more reductions in the number of anginal attacks, their severity and duration. Pain syndrome relief was achieved in the earlier periods. Sulpiride exerted a positive effect on the patients’ psychoneurological status, which made itself evident in the abolishment of the anxious and depressive manifestations of the disease.Conclusion. Reduced symptoms and improved adaptive capacities of the cardiovascular system in CSX patients treated with sulfide leads to the conclusion that the drug used in complex and intensive therapy for CSX is a current effective psychocorrect-ing agent that is well tolerated and safe, which promotes the improvement of final treatment Results. Цель исследования . Цель — исследовать эффективность атипичного нейролептика сульпирида в комплексной интенсивной терапии кардиалгического синдрома Х.Материалы и методы. 66 пациентов с диагнозом КСХ методом рандомизации были разделены на 2 сопоставимые по клинико-анемнестическим данным группы. Первая группа в количестве 33-х человек получала традиционную интенсивную антиангинальную терапию. Пациентам второй группы дополнительно был назначен атипичный нейролептик сульпирид. Длительность терапии составила 4 недели, после чего оценивали влияние проводимой терапии на динамику симптомов стенокардии, частоту приступов в сутки, показатели адаптационных возможностей сердечно-сосудистой системы, показатели психоневрологического статуса пациентов.Результаты. В ходе ииследования обнаружено, что у пациентов 2-й группы, получавших в комплексной терапии сульпирид, в большей степени отмечалось уменьшение количества приступов стенокардии, их тяжести и длительности. В более ранние сроки достигнуто купирование болевого синдрома. Сульпирид оказывал благоприятное воздействие на психоневрологический статус пациентов, что проявлялось купированием тревожно-депрессивных проявлений заболевания.Заключение. Обнаруженное нами уменьшение выраженности симптоматики и улучшение адаптационных возможностей сердечно-сосудистой системы больных с КСХ на фоне использования сульпирида позволяет сделать вывод, что применение данного препарата в комплексной и интенсивной терапии КСХ является современным эффективным психокорригирующим средством с хорошей переносимостью и безопасностью, что способствует улучшению конечных результатов лечения.

INCREASE OF BARLEY TOLERANCE TO TOXICITY OF METALS AND OSMOTIC STRESS USING CELL SELECTION

The reaction of barley in callus cultures has been studied using ions Cd2+, Mn2+, Al3+ and PEG as osmotic. Analyzing amount of doses for crop survival, lethal and sublethal metal concentrates were found:  manganese (350 and 250 mg/l, respectively), cadmium (30 and 10 mg/l), aluminum (42 and 20 mg/l). Optimal schemes have been suggested to select callus lines tolerant to a complex of stresses.  To select a line resistant to complex ion toxicity, it has been recommended to use ions of cadmium (20 mg/l) during a proliferation period and ions of manganese (200 mg/l) during a period of morphogenesis. Ions of aluminum (20-30 mg/l) can be used during both stages of callus tissue development, supporting survival of callus and frequency of plant regeneration. To choose callus with total tolerance to ion toxicity and osmotic stress it’s advisable to apply osmotic (10% of PEG) only during a period of morphogenesis, during a proliferation period it’s possible to use aluminum (20 mg/l) with ions of cadmium (20 mg/l) or ions of manganese (200 mg/l). Using the developed scheme of selection we received 50 plants-regenerators of barley for applying them as starting material in crop selection

Сomprehensive assessment of barley plants regenerated from resistant to cadmium callus lines

Accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its subsequent transmission through food chains to humans and animals is a serious environmental problem. The creation of stress-tolerant varieties to reduce crop losses and bioaccumulation of toxic ions can contribute to the preservation of grain quality and increase the productivity of barley on cadmium-contaminated soils. In the process of cell selection in 2017 from the original genotype of barley 8730 x Omsk in callus cultures somaclonal variants (RA) and conducted among them the selection of toxicity-resistant 15 mg/l cadmium ion lines (RACd) were obtained. Plants regenerated from callus were compared with the original genotype by physiological, biochemical and productive features, cadmium bioaccumulation in the conditions of vegetation experience. Plants were grown in normal conditions and against a provocative background of cadmium in 2017-2018. Symptoms of oxidative stress in plants were evaluated by the content of Malon dialdehyde in the leaves, the activity of superoxide dismutase, the accumulation of anthocyanins. Under stress, barley lines selected as a result of cell selection (in the medium with 15 mg/l Cd2+), differed from regenerants obtained under normal conditions( without Cd2+ ), and the initial genotype with higher antioxidant activity, chlorophyll (64 and 76%) and carotenoid (60 and 64%, respectively) content in leaves, seed productivity (1.3 and 4.5 times correspondently) and cadmium bioaccumulation in roots (5 and 100%, respectively). The obtained results indicate the feasibility of using cell engineering in breeding programs to improve the resistance of barley to cadmium toxicity

Clinical case: Accessory breast

The presence of additional fully formed accessory breast (polymastia), accessory nipples (polythelia) or other options ectopically positioned breast tissue is fairly rare developmental anomalies. Its occurrence frequency is approximately 1% of the general population. This article describes a rare case of localization of additional mammary glands and their surgical correction

BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY FOR BREAST CANCER TREATMENT (LITERATURE REVIEW)

During the last years has been a worldwide trend towards rejuvenating breast cancer, and the evolution of reconstructive breast surgery is proceeding at a rapid pace. The surgical method is the primary method in the combined and complex treatment of breast cancer, and radical mastectomy is still the main option for surgical treatment in most Russian clinics. Most women who need a mastectomy prefer a one-stage breast reconstruction, because the woman is quickly rehabilitated psychologically and physically after this operation. Nevertheless, the use of silicone endoprostheses did not solve the problems of breast reconstruction in combined treatment in oncology. The issue remains unresolved of various complications, related not only to infections, but also to the development of capsular contracture after radiotherapy. Many patients with a one-stage breast reconstruction using a silicone endoprostheses lack the volume of their own tissues for reliable shelter of the endoprosthesis. In such cases, synthetic reticulated implants, biological implants or autologous flaps are used to cover and strengthen the lower slope of the reconstructed breast