11,470 research outputs found
H2 Formation on Interstellar Grains in Different Physical Regimes
An analysis of the kinetics of H2 formation on interstellar dust grains is
presented using rate equations. It is shown that semi-empirical expressions
that appeared in the literature represent two different physical regimes. In
particular, it is shown that the expression given by Hollenbach, Werner and
Salpeter [ApJ, 163, 165 (1971)] applies when high flux, or high mobility, of H
atoms on the surface of a grain, makes it very unlikely that H atoms evaporate
before they meet each other and recombine. The expression of Pirronello et al.\
[ApJ, 483, L131 (1997)] -- deduced on the basis of accurate measurements on
realistic dust analogue -- applies to the opposite regime (low coverage and low
mobility). The implications of this analysis for the understanding of the
processes dominating in the Interstellar Medium are discussed.Comment: 4 pages, MN styl
Direct images of bundles under Frobenius morphisms
Let be a smooth projective variety of dimension over an algebraically
closed field with and be the relative
Frobenius morphism. For any vector bundle on , we prove that instability
of is bounded by instability of
()(Corollary \ref{cor3.8}). When is a smooth
projective curve of genus , it implies being stable whenever
is stable.Comment: the final version to appear in Invent. math. (2008
Superpotentials from variational derivatives rather than Lagrangians in relativistic theories of gravity
The prescription of Silva to derive superpotential equations from variational
derivatives rather than from Lagrangian densities is applied to theories of
gravity derived from Lovelock Lagrangians in the Palatini representation.
Spacetimes are without torsion and isolated sources of gravity are minimally
coupled. On a closed boundary of spacetime, the metric is given and the
connection coefficients are those of Christoffel. We derive equations for the
superpotentials in these conditions. The equations are easily integrated and we
give the general expression for all superpotentials associated with Lovelock
Lagrangians. We find, in particular, that in Einstein's theory, in any number
of dimensions, the superpotential, valid at spatial and at null infinity, is
that of Katz, Bicak and Lynden-Bell, the KBL superpotential. We also give
explicitly the superpotential for Gauss-Bonnet theories of gravity. Finally, we
find a simple expression for the superpotential of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet
theories with an anti-de Sitter background: it is minus the KBL superpotential,
confirming, as it should, the calculation of the total mass-energy of spacetime
at spatial infinity by Deser and Tekin.Comment: Scheduled to appear in Class. Quantum Grav. August 200
Mass and angular momenta of Kerr anti-de Sitter spacetimes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory
We compute the mass and angular momenta of rotating anti-de Sitter spacetimes
in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory of gravity using a superpotential derived from
standard Noether identities. The calculation relies on the fact that the
Einstein and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet vacuum equations are the same when
linearized on maximally symmetric backgrounds and uses the recently discovered
D-dimensional Kerr-anti-de Sitter solutions to Einstein's equations
Long-term strict raw food diet is associated with favourable plasma b-carotene and low plasma lycopene concentrations in Germans
Dietary carotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Raw food diets are predominantly plant-based diets that are practised
with the intention of preventing chronic diseases by virtue of their high content of beneficial nutritive substances such as carotenoids. However, the
benefit of a long-term adherence to these diets is controversial since little is known about their adequacy. Therefore, we investigated vitamin A and
carotenoid status and related food sources in raw food diet adherents in Germany. Dietary vitamin A, carotenoid intake, plasma retinol and plasma
carotenoids were determined in 198 (ninety-two male and 106 female) strict raw food diet adherents in a cross-sectional study. Raw food diet
adherents consumed on average 95 weight% of their total food intake as raw food (approximately 1800 g/d), mainly fruits. Raw food diet adherents
had an intake of 1301 retinol activity equivalents/d and 16·7 mg/d carotenoids. Plasma vitamin A status was normal in 82% of the subjects
(0·88 mmol/l). In 77% of subjects the lycopene
status was below the reference values for average healthy populations (,0·45mmol/l). Fat contained in fruits, vegetables and nuts and oil consumption was a significant dietary determinant of plasma carotenoid concentrations (b-carotene r 0·284; P,0·05; lycopene r 0·168; P¼0·024).
Long-term raw food diet adherents showed normal vitamin A status and achieve favourable plasma b-carotene concentrations as recommended for chronic disease prevention, but showed low plasma lycopene levels. Plasma carotenoids in raw food adherents are predicted mainly by fat intake
Gallium Arsenide Monolithic Optoelectronic Circuits
The optical properties of GaAs make it a very useful material for the fabrication of optical emitters and detectors. GaAs also possesses electronic properties which allow the fabrication of high speed electronic devices which are superior to conventional silicon devices. Monolithic optoelectronic circuits are formed by the integration of optical and electronic devices on a single GaAs substrate. Integration of many devices is most easily accomplished on a semi-insulating (SI) sub-strate. Several laser structures have been fabricated on SI GaAs substrates. Some of these lasers have been integrated with Gunn diodes and with metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs). An integrated optical repeater has been demonstrated in which MESFETs are used for optical detection and electronic amplification, and a laser is used to regenerate the optical signal. Monolithic optoelectronic circuits have also been constructed on conducting substrates. A heterojunction bipolar transistor driver has been integrated with a laser on an n-type GaAs substrate
An improved sum-product estimate for general finite fields
This paper improves on a sum-product estimate obtained by Katz and Shen for
subsets of a finite field whose order is not prime
Monolithic integration of a GaAlAs buried-heterostructure laser and a bipolar phototransistor
A GaAlAs buried-heterostructure laser has been monolithically integrated with a bipolar phototransistor. The heterojunction transistor was formed by the regrowth of the burying layers of the laser. Typical threshold current values for the lasers were 30 mA. Common-emitter current gains for the phototransistor of 100–400 and light responsivity of 75 A/W (for wavelengths of 0.82 µm) at collector current levels of 15 mA were obtained
Stirring Unmagnetized Plasma
A new concept for spinning unmagnetized plasma is demonstrated
experimentally. Plasma is confined by an axisymmetric multi-cusp magnetic field
and biased cathodes are used to drive currents and impart a torque in the
magnetized edge. Measurements show that flow viscously couples momentum from
the magnetized edge (where the plasma viscosity is small) into the unmagnetized
core (where the viscosity is large) and that the core rotates as a solid body.
To be effective, collisional viscosity must overcome the ion-neutral drag due
to charge exchange collisions
Private Database Queries Using Quantum States with Limited Coherence Times
We describe a method for private database queries using exchange of quantum
states with bits encoded in mutually incompatible bases. For technology with
limited coherence time, the database vendor can announce the encoding after a
suitable delay to allow the user to privately learn one of two items in the
database without the ability to also definitely infer the second item. This
quantum approach also allows the user to choose to learn other functions of the
items, such as the exclusive-or of their bits, but not to gain more information
than equivalent to learning one item, on average. This method is especially
useful for items consisting of a few bits by avoiding the substantial overhead
of conventional cryptographic approaches.Comment: extended to generalized (POVM) measurement
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