Characteristics of the development of speech motor areas 44 and 45 in the left and right hemispheres of the human brain in early post-natal ontogenesis, Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology

Functional asymmetry of the right and left hemispheres of the brain is one of the most characteristic signs of human brain activity. Starting from the early works of Broca A number of the characteristics of the macroscopic structure of the human brain have been noted by various authors [1-5, 10, 15-17, 23]. These investigators drew attention to different positions of the sulci and gyri in the right and left hemispheres of the human brain. An important direction in this field of study is provided by investigations of anatomical asymmetry during the ontogenesis of children The aim of the present work was to study the characteristics of the structure and development of the speech motor fields 44 and 45 in the whole of the speech motor zone of Broca in the left and right hemispheres during post-natal ontogenesis in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies of the left and right hemispheres of neonatal children , a six-month-old child (Ag-147), a one-year-old child (Ag-148), and a two-year-old child (Ag-40) were performed. Serial frontal sections of thickness 20 µm were cut and were strained with cresyl violet. The cytoarchitectonics of speech motor areas 44 and 45 were studied in every 40th section. The densities (per 0.001 mm 3 of brain material) of neuron and gliocyte distributions were measured in layer III 3 using an ocular micrometer and Abercrombie's rule; measurements were also made of the density of satellite gliocytes, i.e., gliocyte

Laryngopharyngeal reflux: clinical significance, modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common pathologies in modern clinical practice. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is considered to be an extraesophageal manifestation of GERD and is characterized by retrograde ingestion of gastric content into the larynx and pharynx, leading to recurrent otolaryngological symptoms. Classical manifestations of LPR are hoarseness, perspiration, dryness and feeling of lump in the throat, coughing. There is no «gold standard» for the diagnosis of LPR. At the same time, several instrumental methods are used in clinical practice to verify the diagnosis: laryngoscopy and EGDS are the most common, and in some cases - 24-hour pH-metry and impedancemetry. In the case of an established diagnosis of LPR, it is recommended to use a standard dosage of PPI twice a day for 3–6 months

No postnatal doubling of number of neurons in human Broca's areas (Brodmann areas 44 and 45)? A stereological study

In this study we explored whether a postnatal doubling of the total number of neurons occurs in the human Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca's area). We describe the most recent error prediction formulae and their application for the modern stereological estimators for volume and number of neurons. We estimated the number of neurons in 3D optical disector probes systematically random sampled throughout the entire Brodmann areas (BA) 44 and 45 in developing and young adult cases. In the relatively small number of male and female cases studied no substantial postnatal increase in total number of neurons occurred in areas 44 and 45; the volume of these areas reached adult values around 7 years. In addition, we did find indications that a shift from a right-over-left to a left-over-right asymmetry may occur in the volume of BA 45 during postnatal development. No major asymmetry in total number of neurons in BA 44 and 45 was detected