Distant higher education under self-isolation and the problem of institutional traps

Objective: to reveal the consequences of the transition to total distance education in the Russian higher education under self-isolation caused by the spread of the new coronavirus.Methods: qualitative methods, narrative analysis, in-depth interviews, included observation.Results: the process of transition to distance education with a view to combat the spread of the new coronavirus infection in Russia in 2020 is a unique example of simultaneous implementation of institutional and technological innovations. The analysis of this phenomenon requires using the ideas of institutional and evolutionary economic theory, as well as narrative economics and the Austrian school.To determine the main patterns of emergence and strengthening of institutional traps that arise under self-isolation in the higher education system, the authors analyzed the narratives and in-depth interviews of the main actors. In addition, a certain part of the conclusions is formulated based on the included observation of the authors as typical representatives of the higher education sphere. The conducted research allowed identifying the main patterns of the current total introduction of distance technologies in the Russian higher education. It is stated that institutional and technological evolution can lead to the selection and consolidation of inefficient institutions and technologies under the influence of increasing returns. The widespread introduction of distance education demonstrates its defects. Based on the analysis of the results of in-depth interviews, conclusions about the main institutional problems of the educational process digitalization are formulated. Distance education is not a full-fledged substitute for the traditional education, as it impedes the transfer of implicit knowledge, controland feedback during training, ambiguously influences the costs of educational activities, and does not allow relying on the reliability of information and communication technologies. Transition to distant education can be interpreted as a new stage of evoluton of the institutional trap of electronization and digitalization..Scientific novelty: consists in identifying the qualitative characteristics of the process of implementing total distance education while combating the spread of the new coronavirus infection in Russia.Practical significance: is determined by the need to understand the causes of inefficiency and aggravation of contradictions between different groups of actors in the field of education and science while combating the spread of the new coronavirus infection

Institute of intellectual property in the context of the Russian innovative system development

Objective: to identify the main features of the impact of the intellectual property institute on the Russian innovation system development using the analysis of theoretical studies and narratives on the impact of intellectual property on innovations.Methods: qualitative methods of analysis of institutions (narrative analysis), analysis of statistical data.Results: the difference between the traditional, mixed and heterodox approaches to substantiating or criticizing the intellectual property institute is shown. To illustrate the ideas of each of the selected approaches, relevant examples of narratives are given, which describe the impact of intellectual property on innovative activity. Based on the study of the global experience in overcoming problems related to intellectual property, it is shown that many countries have long been taking measures to limit the validity of foreign patents in order to support the innovative activity of national enterprises. The analysis of narratives also demonstrates the existence of a typical narrative about the rejection of international patents in the field of medicines production and medical technologies, justified by the state’s concern for the health and safety of the population. Scientific novelty: it consists in applying the methodology of narrative economics to the analysis of intellectual property and its role in the Russian innovation system.Practical significance: the main provisions of the article can be used to review the inefficiency of the existing intellectual property institute and to propose promising ways to reform it

Risk factors of CMV replication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents

Risk factors of CMV replication in early period after allo-HSCT (D0‑D100) were – myeloablative conditioning – HR 3.74 (1.67–8.37), р = 0.001; unrelated donor – HR 2.18 (0.86–5.26), р = 0.10; HLA-matched donor – HR 0.24 (0.05–1.06), р = 0,06. In late posttransplant period (from D+100) significant risk factors of CMV-reactivation were (according to multivariate analysis) myeloablative conditioning – HR 13.17 (3.00–57.86), р = 0.001; combination of pretransplant remission of leukemia and using cyclosporine and methotrexate – HR 0.13 (0.03–0.50), р = 0.003; combination of aGVHD and CMV reactivation in early posttransplant period – HR 2.71 (0.86–8.50), р = 0.088; using of bone marrow – HR 0.37 (0.12–1.19), р = 0.095. We revealed the significant association of aGVHD and CMV-reactivation –OR 2.91 (1.07–7.92), р=0.006, and increased rate of cGVHD in patients with CMV replication at third month after allo-HSCT OR – 2.29 (1.03–5.08), р = 0.066. We revealed a tend to decreasing relapse risk in patients who had CMV-replication – HR 0.07 (0.004–1.17), р = 0.06. Cumulative incidence of CMV-disease was 28 %. CMV-disease was lethal in 44 % patients.</p