FREE FAT IN MILK AND CHEESE PRODUCTS: INFLUENCE ON QUALITY

The theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of free fat in milk, cheese and cheese products with vegetable fats are considered. The amount of free fat in milk depends on the integrity of the fat globules membranes, which are affected by: ineffective emulsification of fat during the synthesis of milk in the cow’s udder (authentic fat) and physic-mechanical factors in the milk processing after milking (destabilized fat). Free fat, primarily subjected to oxidative processes and lipolysis, reduces the quality and ability to store milk. For cheese products, the presence of free fat, available for lipolysis and oxidation, is a prerequisite for obtaining high-quality products. Characteristics of the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, providing for the preliminary emulsification of vegetable fat in skim milk, contribute to the formation of denser membranes on the surface of fat globules, consisting mainly of casein micelles and whey proteins. This is the reason for the formation of a more closed structure of the fat phase with low availability of fat for enzymes and oxidizing agents. The low availability of fat in the structure of cheese products with vegetable fats is one of the factors that worsen their organoleptic characteristics. In order to increase the amount of available fat in the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, it is advisable to use additional enzyme preparations or cultures of microorganisms that activate proteolysis and lipolysis.The theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of free fat in milk, cheese and cheese products with vegetable fats are considered. The amount of free fat in milk depends on the integrity of the fat globules membranes, which are affected by: ineffective emulsification of fat during the synthesis of milk in the cow’s udder (authentic fat) and physic-mechanical factors in the milk processing after milking (destabilized fat). Free fat, primarily subjected to oxidative processes and lipolysis, reduces the quality and ability to store milk. For cheese products, the presence of free fat, available for lipolysis and oxidation, is a prerequisite for obtaining high-quality products. Characteristics of the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, providing for the preliminary emulsification of vegetable fat in skim milk, contribute to the formation of denser membranes on the surface of fat globules, consisting mainly of casein micelles and whey proteins. This is the reason for the formation of a more closed structure of the fat phase with low availability of fat for enzymes and oxidizing agents. The low availability of fat in the structure of cheese products with vegetable fats is one of the factors that worsen their organoleptic characteristics. In order to increase the amount of available fat in the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, it is advisable to use additional enzyme preparations or cultures of microorganisms that activate proteolysis and lipolysis

Investigation into the question of complex processing of bauxites of the srednetimanskoe deposit

A new technology of processing raw materials with the use of active alkali is suggested for bauxites of the Srednetimanskoe deposit; bauxite is opened at 300°C for 1 h. This technology makes it possible to increase the recovery of alumina to 94-98% and obtain red slimes and zeolite enriched with iron (58%) and titanium (4.8%); the environmental problem of storing red slimes is resolved. The blast-furnace smelting of such slimes makes it possible to obtain naturally doped cast iron and slag enriched with titanium and rare earth metals. When purifying (desiliconizing) the aluminate solution, a valuable product-sodium aluminum silicate hydrate of the zeolite type-is incidentally obtained. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc

The state and the church in Russia in the early new age: custom and law

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the system of relations that were formed between the Orthodox Church and the authority of the Russian state in the early modern perio

Prognostic Value of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Gene Mutations in Prostate Cancer: a Literature Review

Prostate malignancies aggressively grow worldwide frequently occurring inoperable at diagnosis. A proper choice of treatment strategy is currently a challenge. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains fatal and poor-prognosis, albeit the list of chemotherapeutic agents and androgen receptor signalling inhibitors has recently been extending towards a certain therapeutic success. Numerous studies suggest a frequent association of the unfavourable prognosis with germline or somatic damage of DNA repair genes. Such are mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes bearing important clinical implications for the patient outcome through an adverse clinical manifest of primary tumours and poor treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review attempts to describe the BRCA1/2 mutations in prostate cancer with a focus on their prognostic value

Evaluation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of a new modified cast and laser-melted AA7075 alloy

The mechanical properties and microstructure of as-cast and homogenized AA7075 were investigated. This alloy was modified by adding transition elements 0.3%Sc + 0.5%Zr, 1%Ti + 0.2%B, and 1%Fe + 1%Ni for use in additive manufacturing applications. After adding Ti + B and Sc + Zr, the structure became uniform and finer with the formation of the Al3(Sc, Zr) and TiB2 phases. Coarse structures were obtained with the formation of an extremely unfavorable morphology, close to a needle-like structure when Fe + Ni was added. The mechanical properties of the modified alloys were increased compared to those of the standard alloy, where the best ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were obtained in the AA7075-TiB alloy compared to the standard alloy in as-cast and homogenized conditions, and the highest hardness value was provided by Fe + Ni additives. The effect of the laser melting process on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. Single laser melts were performed on these alloys using 330 V and a scanning speed of 8 mm/s. During the laser melting, the liquation of the alloying elements occurred due to non-equilibrium solidification. A change in the microstructures was observed within the melt zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ). The hardness of the laser-melted zone (LMZ) after adding the modification elements was increased in comparison with that of the standard alloy. Corrosion testing was performed using a solution of 100 mL distilled water, 3.1 g NaCl, and 1 mL HCl over 5, 10, and 30 min and 1 and 2 h. The corrosion resistance of the alloy modified with FeNi was low because of the non-uniform elemental distribution along the LMZ, but in the case of modification with ScZr and TiB, the corrosion resistance was better compared to that of the standard alloy. © 2019 by the authors.Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian FederationThe author (Asmaa M. Khalil) gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of Increase Competitiveness Program of MISiS (Support project for young research engineers)

Development of the optimal mode of bleaching of linen materials by periodic method

The article presents the results of research on the operational properties of linen material bleached by the developed combined periodic method. The influence of the composition and concentration of components in the working solution on the quality indicators of bleaching was studied. The results of the study show that the use of the proposed combined method for bleaching linen and mixed fabrics allows you to obtain high values of the degree of whiteness and capillarity with the preservation of strength indicators and minimal destruction of cellulose fiber

THE USE OF NEW REAGENT KITS FOR DETECTION AND DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL ALLELES

During the screening typing of recruited volunteers with Volga Federal District for unrelated hematopoietic stem cell registry on the loci (HLA)-A, B, DRB1, DRB345 in sample No 1758 identified a new allele at locus A. The use of basic kit AlleleSEQR HLA-A Sequencing in combination with HARP – A2F98A allowed to determine the genotype of this sample – А*30:01:01, a new allele А*25, В*13, 44, DRB1*03, 09, DRB3*02, DRB4*01

Obtaining of Pigment-Quality Magnetite from Sintering Process Red Mud

The limited availability of high-quality bauxite and, at the same time, the formation of a considerable amount of harmful red mud (bauxite residue) causes to develop cost-effective technologies for bauxite processing. Selective separation of iron from red mud allows solving this problem and producing marketable products in the form of pigment-quality magnetite. In this context, the possibility of the pigment-quality magnetite obtaining by the interaction of freshly precipitated iron hydroxide (III) of the sintering process red mud with ferrous iron ions in an alkaline medium is studied. It was found that the optimal parameters of the process are: temperature = 90 C; duration = 4 hours; a ratio of ferrous iron to stoichiometric quantity = 70 %. The yield of the magnetic concentrate under optimal conditions was 69.3 %, and the content of magnetite in concentrate was 47.7 %. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

New triphenylphosphonium salts from a cyclic 2,3-dichloro-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid and its esters. Synthesis of an unusual phosphonium betaine

PPh3 reacts with a cyclic 2,3-dichloro-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid and its cyclic and acyclic esters to form new triphenylphosphonium salts. Treatment of the obtained salts with triethylamine leads to an unusual phosphonium betaine. © 1996 MAEe cyrillic signK Hayκa/Interperiodica Publishing

Reaction of P(III) Organyl Halides with 3,4-Dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone

Reaction of diphenylchlorophosphine with 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone was used to prepare 3,5-dichloro-4-diphenylphosphinoyl-2(5H)-furanone. The reaction occurs involves nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine β to the carbonyl group and an unusual intermolecular rearrangement. The reaction with diethyl phosphorochloridite takes two routes: The first route is similar to that with diphenylchlorophosphine and the second involves the hydoxyl group