Changes in the pronunciation of Māori and implications for teachers and learners of Māori

This paper discusses changes in the pronunciation of Māori and implications for teachers and learners of Māori. Data on changes in the pronunciation of Māori derives from the MAONZE project (Māori and New Zealand English with support from the Marsden fund). The project uses recordings from three sets of speakers to track changes in the pronunciation of Māori and evaluate influence from English. Results from the project show changes in both vowel quality and vowel duration and some evidence of diphthong mergers in pairs such as ai/ae and ou/au, especially amongst the younger speakers. In terms of duration the younger speakers are producing smaller length distinctions between long/short vowel pairs other than /ā, a/. We discuss the implications of such changes for those teaching Māori and for students learning Māori as a subject. These changes raise interesting questions concerning the pronunciation of Māori by future generations

/u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English

This article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/

The Glucocorticoid Receptor: A Revisited Target for Toxins

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and glucocorticoid responses are critical for survival from a number of bacterial, viral and toxic insults, demonstrated by the fact that removal of the HPA axis or GR blockade enhances mortality rates. Replacement with synthetic glucocorticoids reverses these effects by providing protection against lethal effects. Glucocorticoid resistance/insensitivity is a common problem in the treatment of many diseases. Much research has focused on the molecular mechanism behind this resistance, but an area that has been neglected is the role of infectious agents and toxins. We have recently shown that the anthrax lethal toxin is able to repress glucocorticoid receptor function. Data suggesting that the glucocorticoid receptor may be a target for a variety of toxins is reviewed here. These studies have important implications for glucocorticoid therapy

Pengaruh Oralit Who Terhadap Kadar Natrium Dan Kalium Plasma Pada Anak Diare Akut Dengan Dehidrasi

: Acute diarrhea causes loss of large amounts of water and electrolytes especially sodium and potassium, which if not replaced can cause dehydration. In 2006, WHO recommended ORS with osmolarity 245 mmol/l as the administration of acute diarrhea with mild to moderate dehydration. The research objective is to determine the effect of WHO ORS to plasma sodium and potassium levels in children with acute diarrheal dehydration.Pre-experimental study with pre-post test approach absence of a control group, was conducted from November, 2012 until January, 2013 at Pediatric section RSUP.Prof.DR.RD.Kandou Manado. Sample 20 patients acute diarrhea mild to moderate dehydration. Pasien blood samples were taken to measure sodium and potassium plasma level before and after treatment with WHO ORS 75 cc/kg for three hours. Results electrolyte levels when dehydration 60% isonatremia and 85% isokalemia Electrolyte level when rehydration 70% isonatremia and 70% isokalemia. Sodium mean levels when dehydration 136.1±5.2 mmol/l and when rehydration 136.1±3.45 mmol/l with p=0.5. Potassium mean levels when dehydration 3.99±0.78 mmol/l and when rehydration 3.84±0.85 mmol/l with p=0.183. Conclusions: Most electrolyte levels before and after rehydration isonatremia and isokalemia. There is no significant differences in plasma sodium and potassium levels before and after rehydration with WHO ORS. Keywords Dehydration, Diarrhea, Potassium, Sodium, WHO OR

Profil Diare Berdarah Di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Blu.rsup. Prof.dr.r.d. Kandou Manado Periode 2008-2011

: Bloody diarrhea is a dangerous condition which is a common problem in children. In this kind of diarrhea, there is blood in liquid stools. Most bacterial infections are responsible for most cases of bloody diarrhea. This study is a descriptive - retrospective study. This study aimed to determine the profile of bloody diarrhea in Pediatrics Department at Prof Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital from 2008 through 2011. The results showed that microbial infection was the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea (78.7%), followed by mixed infection of microbes and intestinal worms, or fungi (14.7%), and intestinal worms (6.6%). Conclusion: Microbial infection was the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea in Pediatrics Department at Prof Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado from 2008 through 2011

Arthritis by autoreactive T cell lines obtained from rats after injection of intestinal bacterial cell wall fragments

__Abstract__ T cell lines (B13, B19) were isolated from the lymph nodes of Lewis rats 12 days after an arthritogenic injection of cell wall fragments of Eubacterium aerofaciens (ECW), a major resident of the human intestinal flora. These cell wall fragments consist of peptidoglycan polysaccharide complexes (PPC). The cell lines that bear the helper phenotype were arthritogenic in knee or ankle joints upon intravenous injection into irradiated Lewis recipients. B13 was, however, not arthritogenic in irradiated F344 recipients that are largely RT1 identical. The arthritis induced in the knee joints of the irradiated Lewis rats was clearly shown by a 99mtechnetium-pertechnetate scanning technique and was confirmed histologically. In vitro the cell lines showed a proliferative response after stimulation with syngeneic spleen cells alone. The proliferation was significantly higher when bacterial PPC, isolated in soluble form from normal feces or ileostomy fluid were added. Recognition by B13 appeared to be MHC class II restricted. These results show that autoreactive T cell lines can be isolated from rats after injection of bacterial cell wall antigens and that these cell lines can be arthritogenic. This suggests a role for autoreactive T cells in the induction of bacterial cell wall arthritis and might give a clue for the arthritogenic properties of the normal human intestinal flora