Groundwater aggressiveness as an important factor of engineering-geological conditions in the kazan city (Russia)

Many destructions appeared last decades in Kazan were caused by failure of underground communication systems and constructions. One of the basic approaches for proper and safe planning of the city development is estimation of the groundwater aggressiveness to underground constructions. A set of quantitative analytical data of groundwater compositions has been processed from more than 195 sampling sites. Chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate groundwater aggressivenesses were estimated and related with local physical properties of host soils and rocks. The results obtained were used for development of the groundwater aggressiveness map as a continuously-operating model. The sulphate aggressiveness dominating in the Kazan area (12%) and have natural genesis as well as the bicarbonate-alkaline (<1%area) and the carbon dioxide (10% area) aggressivenesses. Chloride aggressiveness is of exclusively anthropogenic genesis and its appearance depends on specific local conditions. The map can be used for preventing failures in aged underground constructions and for proper planning of new constructions in Kazan. © SGEM2012 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM

Comparison of solar activity proxies: eigen vectors versus averaged sunspot numbers

We attempt to establish links between a summary curve, or modulus summary curve, MSC, of the solar background magnetic field (SBMF) derived from Principal Component Analysis, with the averaged sunspot numbers (SSN). The comparison of MSC with the whole set of SSN reveals rather close correspondence of cycle timings, duration and maxima times for the cycles 12- 24, 6,7 and -4,-3. Although, in 1720-1760 and 1830-1860 there are discrepancies in maximum amplitudes of the cycles, durations and shifts of the maximum times between MSC and SSN curves. The MSC curve reveals pretty regular cycles with double maxima (cycles 1-4), triple maximum amplitude distributions for cycles 0 and 1 and for cycles -1 and -2 just before Maunder minimum. The MSC cycles in 1700-1750 reveal smaller maximal magnitudes in cycles -3 to 0 and in cycle 1-4 than the amplitudes of SSN, while cycles -2 to 0 have reversed maxima with minima with SSN. Close fitting of MSC or Bayesian models to the sunspot curve distorts the occurrences of either Maunder Minimum or/and modern grand solar minimum (2020-2053). These discrepancies can be caused by poor observations and by difference in solar magnetic fields responsible for these proxies. The dynamo simulations of toroidal and poloidal magnetic field in the grand solar cycle (GSC) from 1650 until 2050 demonstrate the clear differences between their amplitude variations during the GSC. The use of eigen vectors of SBMF can provide additional information to that derived from SSN that can be useful for understanding solar activity.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figur

Cytotoxic Activity of Silyl- and Germyl-Substituted 4,4-Dioxo-3a,6a-Dihydrothieno[2,3−d]isoxazolines-2

The [2+3] dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to the double C = C bonds of thiophene-1, 1-dioxides leads to formation of the fused isoxazolines-2 (1, 2). Tumor growth inhibition of these compounds strongly depends on the nature of group IV A element increasing from slightly active tert-butyl derivatives to silicon and germanium containing analogues. The products of benzonitrile oxide cycloaddition have greater cytotoxic effect than the compounds obtained from the cycloaddition reaction of 2, 5-disubstituted thiophene-1, 1-dioxides with acetonitrile oxide. Fused silyl substituted isoxazolines-2 are stronger NO-inducers than their germyl and tert-butyl analogues

Short-term forecast of landslide processes development using the method of engineering-geological analogy on the territory of Innopolis city (Russia)

© SGEM2015. Innopolis City (project population of 160,000 and an area of 22,7km2) is built on a high plateau, located at confluence of the Volga and Sviyaga rivers. The upper part of geological section has a bipartite structure. The lower part is represented by clays, rarely by sandstones, siltstones and carbonate rocks of the Permian system, and the top part is represented by clays and loams of anthropogenic system. Plateau is strongly embayed by river valleys and ravines; on the slopes of ravines are identified landslides of various sizes and ages. The paper presents the experience of engineering geological analogy method application for short-term forecast of landslide hazard on the territory of Innopolis city. The forecast was carried out in the framework of the two-level modeling: at first the forecast was made on local areas using software for the calculation of slope stability - Geo5 Fine, then the forecast was made on the whole territory by transferring and correction of data to the two-dimensional digital model of geological environment (using ESRI - ArcGIS). Algorithm of the forecast was as follows: Step 1. Identification of boundaries and determination of landslides' geometric parameters using geophysical methods and mining operations; laboratory studies of physical and mechanical properties of soils. Step 2. Building a digital model of geological environment in ArcGIS scale of 1:10 000 and subsequent zoning of the territory based on soil conditions and depth of groundwater (were identified 12 types of soil masses). Step 3. Selection of reference sites (selection criteria is a typical engineering-geological conditions and the presence of landslides); calculation of SF for slope using Geo5 Fine software for each site with the natural moisture of soil and maximum moisture (29 reference sites total) Step 4. Identification of the limiting values of surface slopes for all types of soil masses for each probabilistic category using the digital model of reference sites slope (SF ≤ 1.0 - «landslide displacements are inevitable», 1.0 1.2 -« impossible "). Step 5. Transferring of data from analog (reference sites) on the subject of the forecast (the whole territory) by extrapolation of the SF values. Step 6. Verification and correction of the forecast. As a result, it was identified that the most active development of landslide processes is expected in spring (1.22 km2, 5.37%) and less active - in summer (0.36 km2, 1.58%). Lower parts of slopes will be mainly exposed to landslide deformations. Earthflow is a predominant type of landslides, with rupture surface up to 1.5 m. There is a probability of single slides and soil-falls occurrence

Boulders on Mercury

Boulders on the surfaces of planets, satellites and small bodies, as well as their geological associations, provide important information about surface processes. We analyzed all available images of the surface of Mercury that have sufficient resolution and quality to detect boulders, and we mapped all the boulders observed. The lower size limit of detectable boulders was ~5 m. All boulders found on Mercury are associated with fresh impact craters hundreds of meters in diameter or larger. We compared boulder population on Mercury with population of boulders of the same size on the Moon, and found that boulders on Mercury are ~30 times less abundant than in the lunar highlands. This exact quantitative estimate is inherently inaccurate due to the limitation in the source data; however, the significant relative rarity of boulders on Mercury can be firmly and reliably established. We discuss possible causes of the observed difference. Higher thermal stresses and more rapid material fatigue due to diurnal temperature cycling on Mercury may cause rapid disintegration of the upper decimeters of the boulder surface and thus contribute to more rapid boulder obliteration; however, these factors alone cannot account for the observed difference. A proposed thicker regolith on Mercury is likely to significantly reduce boulder production rate. A higher micrometeoritic flux on Mercury is likely to result in micrometeoritic abrasion being a dominant contributor to boulder degradation; this high abrasion rate likely shortens the boulder lifetime. A combination of these factors appears to be able to account for the relative rarity of boulders on Mercury. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.We are grateful to P. Senthil Kumar and an anonymous reviewer for their positive and helpful reviews. We appreciate useful discussions with Larissa Starukhina. This paper is partly based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80NSSC17K0217 to MK. JWH acknowledges support from the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission, Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) Experiment Team, for the study of lunar slopes and bedrock exposures, under NASA Grant 80NSSC19K0605 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard . MG acknowledges the Academy of Finland project no. 325806 (PlanetS) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project no. 19-05-00028

Overview of metabolomic markers used for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases

At present, metabolomics is an intensively developing approach to the specific diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic analysis allows the study of complete metabolomic profiles and their deviations resulting from changes, for example, gene and RNA expression, protein activity, or environmental factors. Analysis of the metabolomic blood profile helps in solving a large number of scientific and clinical problems, one of which is the search for markers of diseases, in particular, cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aim of the study was to investigate metabolomic markers used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases on the basis of literature data. Material and methods. The literature data was analyzed for key words: cardiovascular diseases, metabolomics, metabolic profile, metabolomic markers in da- tabases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, PatentDB, Science Direct Open Access, eLibrary. Results. Analysis of literature data and patent search confirms the high importance of metabolomic markers in the diagnosis of CVD. In the patent literature, BNP/NT-proBNP is most common used as a metabolic marker of CVD (11.27 %). The use of CRP (8.99 %) and troponin (8.49 %) is also common. PICP (0.02 %), sVCAM-1 (0.09 %), stimulating growth factor ST-2 (0.12 %) and thrombomodulin (0.12 %) as metabolic markers of CVD. Conclusions. Against the backdrop of analytical methods, metabolomics is the most important diagnostic area. At the same time, it should be noted that by combining the results of the analysis of metabolic studies with others, for example, genomic and proteomic, one can get a complete picture of the pathogenesis of diseases, assess the risk of complications, and also determine the effectiveness of the treatment

Phenotypes of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Regions of the Russian Federation, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Clinical Practice

Аim: to present data on the prevalence of various phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the features of its diagnosis and treatment in various regions of the Russian Federation following a meeting of chief gastroenterologists.Key points. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) holds the leading position among non-infectious liver diseases in the Russian Federation, its prevalence is 37.3 % and does not tend to decrease.To get information on various aspects of NAFLD diagnosis and treatment, opinion of 18 chief external regional gastroenterologists and leading specialists in the field of liver diseases was studied by analyzing the responses to questions specially formulated for them. Information on the situation in the Ural, Privolzhsky, Southern, Central and Northwestern Federal Districts was obtained. Regional statistics on the prevalence of NAFLD and its certain phenotypes (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis), diagnostic instruments and treatment approaches which are used in clinical practice, as well as on the most common associated conditions was presented.Conclusions. The collected information allows to improve both administrative and treatment and diagnostic-related activities in managing patients suffering from this disease

Phenotypes of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Regions of the Russian Federation, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Clinical Practice

Aim: to present data on the prevalence of various phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the features of its diagnosis and treatment in various regions of the Russian Federation following a meeting of chief gastroenterologists.Key points. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) holds the leading position among non-infectious liver diseases in the Russian Federation, its prevalence is 37.3 % and does not tend to decrease.To get information on various aspects of NAFLD diagnosis and treatment, opinion of 18 chief external regional gastroenterologists and leading specialists in the field of liver diseases was studied by analyzing the responses to questions specially formulated for them. Information on the situation in the Ural, Privolzhsky, Southern, Central and North-western Federal Districts was obtained. Regional statistics on the prevalence of NAFLD and its certain phenotypes (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis), diagnostic instruments and treatment approaches which are used in clinical practice, as well as on the most common associated conditions was presented.Conclusions. The collected information allows to improve both administrative and treatment and diagnostic-related activities in managing patients suffering from this disease