A New Formulation of Electrodynamics

A new formulation of electromagnetism based on linear differential commutator brackets is developed. Maxwell equations are derived, using these commutator brackets, from the vector potential $\vec{A}$, the scalar potential $\phi$ and the Lorentz gauge connecting them. With the same formalism, the continuity equation is written in terms of these new differential commutator brackets. Keywords: Mathematical formulation, Maxwell's equationsComment: 11 Latex pages, no figure

Robert Frost’s New Hampshire, Philip Larkin’s England, and Seamus Heaney’s Ireland: Non-Urban Place and Democratic Poetry

In Anglo-American Modernist poetry, place is reduced to an analogue for the cultural degradation brought forth by the disruptive experience of modernity. This demotion stands in sharp contrast to the representation of place as a center of value in the poetry of Robert Frost, Philip Larkin, and Seamus Heaney. In this dissertation, I shall explain this value in terms of its connection to a particular cultural substance which Frost, Larkin, and Heaney deem foundational for their non-ideological terms of belonging to place. Frost embraces New England vernacularism first as the basis for his egalitarianism and second as the core substance for his democratic poetics. Larkin evades the nationalist rhetoric of Englishness in the postwar era and attends instead to a sense of place rooted in a rural English tradition. Heaney as well dismisses radical notions of allegiance to place and promotes through his localism a universal message of inclusiveness and tolerance. Frost’s New England Derry, Larkin’s Hull, and Heaney’s Derry are shaped by the political/cultural ruptures and transitions of the twentieth-century. Instead of reducing these three American, English, and Irish places to symbols of modern decline and fragmentation, Frost, Larkin, and Heaney, I argue, represent them as loci of substantial experience and of enduring vernacular, rural, and local virtues

Very small deletions within the NESP55 gene in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is caused by reduced expression of genes within the GNAS cluster, resulting in parathormone resistance. The cluster contains multiple imprinted transcripts, including the stimulatory G protein α subunit (Gs-α) and NESP55 transcript preferentially expressed from the maternal allele, and the paternally expressed XLas, A/B and antisense transcripts. PHP1b can be caused by loss of imprinting affecting GNAS A/B alone (associated with STX16 deletion), or the entire GNAS cluster (associated with deletions of NESP55 in a minority of cases). We performed targeted genomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the GNAS cluster to seek variants and indels underlying PHP1b. Seven patients were sequenced by hybridisation-based capture and fourteen more by long-range PCR and transposon-mediated insertion and sequencing. A bioinformatic pipeline was developed for variant and indel detection. In one family with two affected siblings, and in a second family with a single affected individual, we detected maternally inherited deletions of 40 and 33 bp, respectively, within the deletion previously reported in rare families with PHP1b. All three affected individuals presented with atypically severe PHP1b; interestingly, the unaffected mother in one family had the detected deletion on her maternally inherited allele. Targeted NGS can reveal sequence changes undetectable by current diagnostic methods. Identification of genetic mutations underlying epigenetic changes can facilitate accurate diagnosis and counselling, and potentially highlight genetic elements critical for normal imprint settin

Nitrogen removal in a cascade of four reactors employing the activated sludge process

The activated sludge process is the most widely used process for the biological treatment of domestic and industrial waste waters. Wastewater treatment plants based on the activated sludge process are in widespread use in developed and developing countries. The activated sludge model number 1 (ASM #1) is an internationally accepted standard for activated sludge modeling. It describes nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand within suspended-growth treatment processes, including mechanisms for nitrification and denitrification. We analyse the biological treatment of a wastewater when a cascade of four reactors is used. We assume that each reactor in the cascade has the same volume. Operating conditions are investigated in which the first reactor is not aerated whilst the last two reactors are aerated. The second reactor may either be aerated or not aerated. The process configuration includes one settling unit and one recycle unit. The settling unit is placed after the final reactor of the cascade. Part of its exit stream is wasted and the remainder is fed into the first reactor. The recycle unit is also placed after the final reactor of the cascade. The entirety of its exit stream is fed into the first reactor. The performance of a wastewater treatment plant can be characterised by a number of process parameters.Here we consider the nitrogen concentration in the effluent stream leaving the treatment plant (TNe). When the reactor configuration includesa settling unit this is defined by TNe=SNO+SNH+SND, where the state variables on the right hand are the concentration of soluble nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (SNO),soluble ammonium nitrogen (SNH), and soluble biodegradable organic (SND) respectively. A combination of direct numerical integration and continuation methods are used to investigate the steady-state behaviour of the system. The governing equations were solved using both matlab (ode15s) and maple(lsode[backfull]). For continuation XPPAUT was used. We take the hydraulic retention time (HRT) as the bifurcation parameter, primarily allowing it to vary over the range

Suitability of Membrane Bioreactor for treatment of recalcitrant textile dye wastewater utilising white-rot fungi

The performance of a laboratory scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) — utilizing a mixed microbial community dominated by fungi— for treatment of textile dye wastewater was investigated. A synthetic wastewater containing dye, starch (main contributor to total organic carbon, TOC) and other nutrients was used. Preliminary batch tests confirmed the superior decoloration capacity of pure fungus culture (Coriolus versicolor, NBRC 9791) as compared to that of conventional activated sludge. Simultaneous biosorption and biodegradation was evident in case of the fungus, while mainly biosorption was responsible for decoloration by activated sludge. On the other hand, activated sludge demonstrated comparatively faster TOC removal. Interestingly, stable removal of both color (over 99%) and TOC (over 98%) was achieved in the MBR under a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day. The difference of reactor-supernatant and membrane-permeate quality substantiated the significant contribution of the membrane to the overall dye removal (biosorption, cake layer filtration, biodegradation)

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK-PAIR-SHARE PADA MATA PELAJARAN TEKNOLOGI DASAR OTOMOTIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS X TKR 1 DI SMKN 1 SINGGAHAN TUBAN

Salah satu Penyebab rendahnya hasil belajar siswa adalah kurang varitaifnya model pembelajaran yang dilakukan oleh tenaga pengajar, sehingga muncul rasa bosan yang dirasakan siswa terhadap proses belajar mengajar. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu model pembelajaran yang lebih variatif untuk mendorong minat siswa agar tertarik dengan yang disampaikan oleh tenaga pengajar. Pembelajaran koorperatif merupakan pendekatan pembelajaran melalui penggunaan kelompok kecil siswa untuk bekerja sama dalam memaksimalkan kondisi belajar dalam mencapai tujuan belajar.Pembelajaran kooperatif didasarkan pada gagasan atau pemikiran bahwa siswa bekerja bersama-sama dalam belajar, dan bertanggung jawab terhadap aktivitas belajar kelompok mereka seperti terhadap diri mereka sendiri.Model yang diangkat dalam penilitian ini adalah model pembelajaran Think Pair Share yang dimana diharapkan mampu untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar dan kemampuan kolaborasi antar siswa. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindak Kelas Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan model siklus dari Kemming dan Taggart yang menggunakan dua siklus yang setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu : Tahap Perancanaan Tindakan, Tahap Pelaksanaan Tindakan, Tahap Pengamatan Tindakan, dan Tahap Refleksi.. Hasil validasi perangkat pembelajaran yang digunakan penelitian meliputi RPP,Silabus dan Butir Soal bisa dikategorikan layak digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan model pembelajaran Think-Pair-Share dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dengan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 54% pada siklus I, dan 82,85 % pada Siklus II sehingga masuk kategori baik, sedangkan persentase kemampuan kolaborasi siswa sebesar 52,92% pada siklus I, dan 76,42 %pada Siklus II dan dapat dikategorikan baik Oleh karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran Think-Pair-Share terbukti dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan kemampuan kolaborasi siswa khususnya pada kelas X TKRO 1 yang berjumlah 35 siswa di Sekolah SMKN 1 Singgahan,Tuba