The Characterization of Phase Transformations in Rapidly Solidified Al-Fe and Cu-Fe Alloys through Measurements of the Electrical Resistance and DSC

For the characterization of the phase transformations in the alloys during the heat treatment the various methods of the thermal analyses are available. Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are the most frequently used methods. The phase transformations proceed in two stages, i.e. nucleation and the growth of the new phase. Both processes are closely linked with the movement of the atoms. Rapidly solidified alloys often contain the elements with the low diffusivity. During the transition from the unstable to the stable state the energy changes are small, therefore the characterization of the changes by DTA, DSC is very difficult and could not be measured. During the heat treatment the phase transformations of the rapidly solidified alloys of Al-Fe and Cu-Fe were successfully detected by the simultaneous measurements of the electrical resistance, and were compared by the DSC method. By determination of the temperature regions of the phase transitions or temperatures, where the dynamics of the changes is maximal, the samples were heat treated and analysed by the scanning and transmission electron microscopy respectively

Microstructure Analysis of Internally Oxidized Cu-C Composite

On the basis of experimentally obtained data, it was established that submicron-size bubbles are formed by the internal oxidation of Cu-C composite with fine dispersed graphite particles. They are homogeneously distributed in the Cu-matrix. This process starts with the dissolution of oxygen into the metal at the free surfaces, and continues with the diffusion of oxygen atoms into the volume of copper crystal lattice where they react with the graphite particles. The reactions of dissolved oxygen with carbon yield the gas products (CO2, CO), which cannot be dissolved in the crystal lattice of the matrix. The gas molecules, which are enclosed in the space previously occupied by the graphite, have a greater specific volume than the solid graphite. Consequently, compressive stresses arise in the copper matrix around the bubbles. The interaction of these stress fields with gliding dislocations during loading could improve the mechanical properties of the copper. The internal oxidation kinetic in Cu-C composite depends on the diffusion of oxygen in the copper matrix, and the penetration depth of the internal oxidation front indicates the parabolic nature of the process

Analiza međupovršine eksplozijski zavarenih ploča iz niskougljičnog čelika i titana

On the basis of experimentally obtained data, it was established that a very thin layer of a melt is generated at the explosive welding of two metals at the bond interface within which impurities flow at the bond during melting. Rapid cooling after the collision generates an alloy of different structure and very small grains of an average thickness approximately 1 to 2 mm. The generation of such an amorphous layer in the bond area has been noticed with various metal combinations and represents a fundamental mechanism of explosive welding of metals. Using the metallographic analysis, the development of the vortices which were formed by the explosive welding of low-carbon steel and titanium plates is described in the paper.Na osnovi eksperimentalnih rezultata utvrđeno je da pri eksplozijskom zavarivanju dvaju metala na međupovršini spoja nastaje veoma tanki sloj rastaljenog metala unutar kojeg dolazi do istjecanja nečistoća tijekom taljenja. Velika brzina hlađenja nakon sudara dovodi do nastanka sitnozrnate legure drugačije strukture s proječnom veličinom od 1 do 2 mm. Zapaženo nastajanje amorfnog sloja na području spoja kod različitih kombinacija metalnih materijala predstavlja temeljni mehanizam eksplozijskog zavarivanja metala. Primjenom rezultata metalografske analize u radu je opisan razvoj vrtloga koji su nastali eksplozijskim zavarivanjem ploča iz niskougljičnog čelika i titana

Microstructure Analysis of Internally Oxidized Cu-C Composite

On the basis of experimentally obtained data, it was established that submicron-size bubbles are formed by the internal oxidation of Cu-C composite with fine dispersed graphite particles. They are homogeneously distributed in the Cu-matrix. This process starts with the dissolution of oxygen into the metal at the free surfaces, and continues with the diffusion of oxygen atoms into the volume of copper crystal lattice where they react with the graphite particles. The reactions of dissolved oxygen with carbon yield the gas products (CO2, CO), which cannot be dissolved in the crystal lattice of the matrix. The gas molecules, which are enclosed in the space previously occupied by the graphite, have a greater specific volume than the solid graphite. Consequently, compressive stresses arise in the copper matrix around the bubbles. The interaction of these stress fields with gliding dislocations during loading could improve the mechanical properties of the copper. The internal oxidation kinetic in Cu-C composite depends on the diffusion of oxygen in the copper matrix, and the penetration depth of the internal oxidation front indicates the parabolic nature of the process

Unutarnja oksidacija legura srebra s telurom, selenom i sumporom

Silver alloys with tellurium, selenium and sulphur fulfil the conditions for the internal oxidation. Microstructure of these alloys consists of matrix (dilute solid solution) and particles of intermetallic compounds. Internal oxidation of ternary alloys is very similar to that of the binary alloys, but there are also distinctions in thermodynamics properties of alloying elements. At the direct oxidation of the particles of the intermetallic compound the phenomena of the selective oxidation was observed. Concentration of more reactive elements is increasing in the oxidized part of the particles of the intermetallic compound (Te in AgTeSe alloys). Therefore the precipitated oxides formed with diffusional internal oxidation are richer with less reactive alloying element (Se in AgTeSe alloy). In the precipitated oxide particles the concentration of selenium is more than twice higher than of tellurium.Legure srebra s telurom, selenom i sumporom ispunjavaju uvjete za unutarnju oksidaciju. Mirkostruktura ovih legura sastoji se od osnove (razrijeđena kruta otopina) i čestica intermetalnih spojeva. Unutarnja oksidacija ternarnih legura veoma je slična onoj za binarne legure, ali postoje i razlike u termodinamičkim svojstvima legirajućih elemenata. Kod izravne oksidacije čestica intermetalnog spoja zapažena je pojava selektivne oksidacije. Koncentracija reaktivnijih elemenata raste u oksidiranom dijelu čestica intermentalnog spoja (Te u AgTeSe leguri). Prema tome precipitirani oksidi nastali difuzijskom unutarnjom oksidacijom su bogati s manje reaktivnim legirajućim elementom (Se u AgTeSe leguri). U percipitiranim oksidnim česticama koncentracija selena je dvostruko veća nego telura

Mehanička svojstva i mikrostrukturna karakterizacija Au-Pt dentalne slitine

Development of a dental alloy with high Au content is based on the ternary system of Au-Pt-Zn with a nominal composition of 86,9Au-9,9Pt-1,5Zn, and about 1,5 wt.% micro-alloying elements (In, Ir, Rh). The results analyses of different heat-treated states showed that the optimal mechanical properties and hardness of an Au-Pt-Zn alloy can be reached with combinations of heat treatment for 20 minutes at 723 K and then slowly cooling, if the alloy was annealed at 1223 K for 30 minutes and the water quenched. Research results confirmed that the microstructure of the Au-Pt-Zn alloy consists of two phases: _1-phase rich in Au (main phase) and _2-phase rich in Pt (minor phase). During XRD analysis and use of the Rietveld method, it was found that the _1-phase content is about 98,5 wt.% while the content of _2-phase is 1,5 wt.%. STA analyses show that the Au-Pt-Zn alloy has a solidus temperature of about 1292 K and a liquidus temperature of about 1412 K.Razvoj dentalne slitine s visokim sadržajem zlata zasnovan je na ternarnom sustavu Au-Pt-Zn s nominalnim sastavom 86,9Au-9,9Pt-1,5Zn i oko 1,5 mas. % mikrolegirajučih elemenata (In, Ir, Rh). Rezultati analize su pokazali da se u slučaju slitine odžarene kod 1223 K u trajanju od 30 minuta i zakaljena u vodi optimalna mehanička svojstva i tvrdoća Au-Pt-Zn slitine mogu postići kombinacijom toplinske obrade na 720 oC u trajanju 20 minuta s naknadnim sporim hlađenjem. Rezultati istraživanja su potvrdili da se mikrostruktura Au-Pt-Zn slitine sastoji od dvije faze: _1-faze bogate sa zlatom (primarna faza) i _2 - faze bogate s platinom (sekundarna faza). Tijekom XRD analize i primjenom Rietveldove metode utvrđeno je da je sadržaj _1-faze oko 98,5 mas. %, dok je sadržaj _2-faze iznosio oko 1,5 mas. %. STA analiza je pokazala da je Au-Pt-Zn slitina imala solidus temperaturu oko 1292 K, a likvidus temperaturu oko 1412 K

Optical and Magnetic Properties of PbTe(Ni)

Far-infrared and magnetic properties of Ni doped PbTe (ZNi = 1 × 10 19 at./cm 3 ) single crystal are investigated in a broad range of temperature and magnetic fields. Far-infrared reflection spectra were analyzed using a fitting procedure based on the modified plasmon-two phonon interaction model. Together with the strong plasmon-two longitudinal optical phonon coupling we obtained a local mode of Ni at about 180 cm −1 . This mode intensity depends on temperature. Magnetic measurements shows that PbTe alloys doped with Ni reveals weak ferromagnetic interaction between magnetic ions

The use of water atomisation for the production of frits

The produc tion of powder materials from melts is usually done by atomisation. In our research two different frits were successfully produced using water atomisation technique. An overall assessment of the powders showed that the sizes of particles and their morphologies are determined mainly by the chemical compositions of the frits and atomisation parameters. The sizes of the particles depend on the viscosities of the frits, which is governed by the melt superheating during the experimental trials, orifice diameter and interactions between droplets and particles during additional stages after primary atomisation, which were controlled by water pressure. The morphologies of the particles depend on the relationships between the times of solidification and sphereoidisation and on the interactions between the particles

Response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells to rapidly solidified nickel-titanium ribbons with shape memory properties

Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have attracted considerable attention as biomaterials for medical devices. However, the biocompatibility of Ni-Ti SMAs is often unsatisfactory due to their poor surface structure. Here we prepared Rapidly Solidified (RS) Ni-Ti SMA ribbons by melt-spinning and their surface was characterised by Augerelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The biocompatibility of the produced ribbons and their immunomodulatory properties were studied on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). We showed that melt-spinning of Ni-Ti SMAs can form a thin homogenous oxide layer, which improves their corrosion resistance and subsequent toxicity to MoDCs. Ni-Ti RS ribbons stimulated the maturation of MoDCs, as detected by changes in the cells\u27 morphology and increased expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD40 and CD83 molecules. However, Ni-Ti RS ribbons enhanced the tolerogenic properties of immature MoDCs, which produced higher levels of IL-10 and IL-27, driving the differentiation of IL-10- and TGF-β-producing CD4+T cells. On the other hand, in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, an important pro-inflammatory biomolecule, Ni-Ti RS ribbons enhanced the allostimulatory and Th1 polarising capacity of MoDCs, whereas the production of Th2 and Th17 cytokines was down-regulated. In conclusion, Ni-Ti RS ribbons possess substantial immunomodulatory properties on MoDCs. These findings might be clinically relevant, because implanted Ni-Ti SMA devices can induce both desired and adverse effects on the immune system, depending on the microenvironmental stimuli