Comparison of piety between men and women.

Filial piety is viewed as strong family support for older Chinese people, and strongly associated with depressive symptoms. It is unknown if there exists gender difference in the mediation effects of filial piety on the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (manifested as lung function) and depression. We investigated whether filial piety mediates the association between lung function and depression in community-dwelling older men and women using the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST). Community dwelling adults aged 65 and above were analyzed. Pulmonary function, depressive symptoms, and filial piety expectation (FPE) and receipt of filial piety (RFP) were collected. The interaction and mediation of filial piety between lung function and depression was analyzed. We found that in older men, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was inversely correlated with depression (β = -0.1281, p = 0.004) with no mediation effect of FPE. In older women, FEV1 was negatively associated with FPE, but FPE did not increase the risk of depression (β = 0.0605, p = 0.12). In both older men and women, FEV1 was negatively associated with RFP, while RFP reduced the risk of depression (p</div

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Cardiometabolic disorder reduces survival prospects more than suboptimal body mass index irrespective of age or gender: a longitudinal study of 377,929 adults in Taiwan

All-cause mortality risk for subjects overall and those who survived at least 1, 2, and 3 years after entry. Figure S1. Adjusted mortality risk for different BMI, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and waist circumference for overall subjects, non-smokers, men, and women, stratified by age. BMI classification: underweight: <18.5 kg/m2, low normal: 18.5–21.9 kg/m2, normal: 22–23.9 kg/m2, overweight: 24–26.9 kg/m2, obese1: 27–29.9 kg/m2, obese2: ≥ 30 kg/m2. The hazards ratios shown in Figure S1 were derived from Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for gender, age, education level, smoking status, physical activity, and drinking status. Table S2. Mortality rate (per 10,000 person-years) by body mass index, age, and status of metabolic syndrome for the study subjects including previous heart disease and stroke (N = 390,941). Table S3. Mortality risk, prevalence, and population attributable burden of mortality for different BMI, high blood pressure, and hyperglycemia in overall subjects and people in different age groups, for the study subjects including previous heart disease and stroke (N = 390,941). (DOCX 135 kb

Comparisons of characteristics between people with non-COPD and COPD.

Comparisons of characteristics between people with non-COPD and COPD.</p

Regression coefficients of the different models predicting the depression scale by the pathway from lung function to filial piety.

Regression coefficients of the different models predicting the depression scale by the pathway from lung function to filial piety.</p

Association between lung function and depression scale mediated by filial piety.

Association between lung function and depression scale mediated by filial piety.</p

Mediating model of FPE and PFPR.

Black line: statistically significant. Gray line: statistically insignificant. c was the original relationship between FEV1 and CES-D. c’ was the relationship after adding mediator and adjusting for covariates. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second. CESD: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. FPE: filial piety expectation. PRFP: perceived receipt of filial piety.</p

Independent association between subjective cognitive decline and frailty in the elderly

<div><p>Background</p><p>The relationship between subjective cognitive decline and frailty, two components of the so-called reversible cognitive frailty, in the elderly remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether this association exists, independent of confounding factors such as nutritional status, kidney function, inflammation, and insulin resistance.</p><p>Methods</p><p>2386 participants (≥ 65 years of age) selected from the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST) study. Fried frailty phenotype was adopted to quantify frailty status. We classified cognitive status into two categories—subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and normal cognition—and used polytomous logistic regressions to investigate the associations between SCD and frailty.</p><p>Results</p><p>There were 188 (7.88%), 1228 (51.47%), and 970 (40.65%) participants with frailty, pre-frailty, and robustness, respectively. Compared to those with normal cognition, elders with SCD were more likely to have pre-frailty (odds ratio [OR]: 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–1.67, <i>p</i> = 0.004) or frailty (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.23–2.58, <i>p</i> = 0.002) after adjusting for age, gender, education level, comorbidity, nutritional status, kidney function, and biochemical-related factors.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>A significant association between subjective cognitive decline and frailty was revealed in this study. Subjective cognitive decline was positively associated with pre-frailty or frailty even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Our results can provide useful references in understanding mechanisms and developing suitable preventive strategies for the elderly with reversible cognitive frailty.</p></div

Characteristics of participants in different frail conditions.

<p>Characteristics of participants in different frail conditions.</p

Characteristics of participants between SCD and normal cognition.

<p>Characteristics of participants between SCD and normal cognition.</p

Adjusted odds ratios of SCD versus normal cognition for the elderly with pre-frailty or frailty (robust as reference category).

<p>Adjusted odds ratios of SCD versus normal cognition for the elderly with pre-frailty or frailty (robust as reference category).</p