An experimental approach in conceptualizing typographic signals of documents by eight-dot and six-dot braille code

The main research aim of the present study focuses on issues of reading comprehension, when users with blindness receive typographic meta-data by touch through a braille display. Levels of reading comprehension are investigated by the use of 6-dot and 8-dot braille code in matched texts for the cases of bold and italic meta-data. The results indicated a slight superiority of the 8-dot braille code in reading time and scorings. The discussion considered the practical implications of the findings such as issues regarding education as well as the development of suitable design of tactile rendition of typographic signals through 6-dot or 8-dot braille code in favor of better perception and comprehension. © 2014 Springer International Publishing

From Drug Delivery Systems to Drug Release, Dissolution, IVIVC, BCS, BDDCS, Bioequivalence and Biowaivers

This is a summary report of the conference on drug absorption and bioequivalence issues held in Titania Hotel in Athens (Greece) from the 28(th) to the 30(th) of May 2009. The conference included presentations which were mainly divided into three sections. The first section focused on modern drug delivery systems such as polymer nanotechnology, cell immobilization techniques to deliver drugs into the brain, nanosized liposomes used in drug eluting stents, encapsulation of drug implants in biocompatible polymers, and application of differential scanning calorimetry as a tool to study liposomal stability. The importance of drug release and dissolution were also discussed by placing special emphasis on camptothecins and oral prolonged release formulations. The complexity of the luminal environment and the value of dissolution in lyophilized products were also highlighted. The second session of the conference included presentations on the Biopharmaceutics Classification Scheme (BCS), the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS), and the role of transporters in the classification of drugs. The current status of biowaivers and a modern view on non-linear in vitro-in vivo (IVIVC) correlations were also addressed. Finally, this section ended with a special topic on biorelevant dissolution media and methods. The third day of the conference was dedicated to bioequivalence. Emphasis was placed on high within-subject variability and its impact on study design. Two unresolved issues of bioequivalence were also discussed: the use of generic antiepileptic drugs and the role of metabolites in bioequivalence assessment. Finally, the conference closed with a presentation of the current regulatory status of WHO and EMEA