Separation of pineal extracts on sephadex G-10 : III. Isolation and comparison of extracted and synthetic melatonin

Melatonin has been isolated from 300 gm of sheep pineal bodies by filtration of an aqueous extract on Sephadex G-10. Excitation and fluorescence maxima of the fractions of the column were measured and the fractions were tested for their blanching activity in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. The microgram quantities of melatonin obtained after thin-layer chromatography were used for identification. The infrared spectrum of isolated melatonin in a KBr pellet is identical with that of synthetic melatonin treated in the same way as the isolated sample. It differs from the spectrum of synthetic melatonin, which has undergone no previous treatment. Heating of the KBr pellet of the isolated sample of melatonin for 5 min at 110°C, however, causes the spectrum to change into one which is nearly identical with that of untreated synthetic melatonin. The mass spectra of isolated and synthetic melatonin are identical. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of synthetic melatonin before and after thin-layer chromatography are presented

Introduction

This chapter sets out the volume\u2019s rationale and structure. The book examines the mismatch between the EU\u2019s supply of policy in its Southern Neighbourhood and the demand for change by citizens in four countries\u2014Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia\u2014which have been at the forefront of the EU\u2019s Southern Neighbourhood policies and of the 2010\u201311 Arab Uprisings. The book presents an innovative pairing of EU policy and practice, matching Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) on the one hand and quantitative public opinion data from surveys on the other. This approach allows the volume to map the mismatch between what citizens of Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs) want and what the EU is willing to give. Amongst other things, this mapping reveals how it has been possible for EU policy to remain entrenched in a failing framework and how such policy efforts contribute to the retrenchment rather than to resolution of the structural causes of the Arab Uprisings

European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric v. Multi-level Governance

This article takes initial steps in evaluating contending models of EU governance. We argue that the sovereignty of individual states is diluted in the European arena by collective decision-making and by supranational institutions. In addition, European states are losing their grip on the mediation of domestic interest representation in international relations. We make this argument along two tracks. First, we analyse the conditions under which central state executives may lose their grip on power. Next, we divide up the policy process into stages and specify which institutional rules may induce various actors to deepen EU policy-making. Copyright 1996 BPL.