Comparison of N-terminal Region of Coat Protein in Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus Isolates

Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV)was isolated in Hungary from cucumber for the first time in 1995 and now it is widespread causing devastating epidemics in cucurbit crops. Four isolates were chosen from different cucurbit plants collected in 1995 and 1999 and mole- cular variability of N-terminal region of coat protein was studied.Hungarian isolates show lower molecular variability within themselves than with ZYMV isolates from other geographical origins.Hungarian isolates have amino acid sequences specific only to them that suggest common ancestor

Screening some Common Molecular Markers and a Desaturase Marker, Linked to Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis, in Three Z-Strain and an E-Strain Populations of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, Occurring in Central Europe

The European corn borer moth, (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyraustinae) is one of the most destructive pests of maize worldwide. ECB has two pheromone-strains, separated by specific ratios of isomers of E- and Z11-tetradecenyl acetates (E11- and Z11-14Ac), but appearing morphologically identical. Accordingly, E- and Z-ECB pheromone traps are available for the respective populations for practical monitoring of the flight, however, traps for Z-strain are unreliable for practical usage in some parts of Central-Europe. E- and Z-ECB populations occur in sympatry in some areas, while in allelopatry in other areas. Determining the strains before the flight of adults, when difference in the composition of their respective pheromones is manifested, would be of practical interest for early warning. In addition to the known fatty-acyl-reductase (FAR) marker, further markers would allow more comprehensive studies. We screened the following common markers for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions: partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), cytochrome B (CytB), the second spacer of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), Elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and actin gene (Act). In addition, a marker of the Δ11-desaturase gene (11desat), linked to biosynthesis of female-produced sex pheromone, was also included, because we reported earlier a differential expression for this site. Three Z-ECB populations locating at distant sites within Hungary, an area where only Z-strain occurs, and an E-ECB population in Slovenia, known as the closest-occurring E-strain, were included into the study. Separate laboratory colonies were established from each population, and F1 generations were sampled to verify the identity of pheromone strains, by analysing the composition of sex pheromone by gas chromatography linked to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). Molecular studies were conducted using specimens taken from the F2 generations. Results of genetic studies showed that there were no differences between the Z and E populations for the common markers. In contrast to this, several nucleic acid changes (11 nt in 4 positions) were found between the three Z-populations (Hungary) and the E-population (Slovenia) in the desaturase marker. Further study is required to reveal whether the differences found in this study are consistent across E-populations, thus making these markers suitable for diagnostic purposes

First record of the family Penthaleidae (Acari) in Hungary: Morphological and Molecular approaches of the Hungarian Penthaleus cf. major (Dugès, 1837)

The first Hungarian record of the family Penthaleidae, the occurrence of blue oat mite [Penthaleus cf. major (Dugès, 1837)] in Hungary is presented. This pest mite species was collected on lettuce in greenhouse. Notes to the morphology and the three (cox 1, 18sRNA, ITS2) sequences of the Hungarian specimens are given

The W2020 Database of Validated Rovibrational Experimental Transitions and Empirical Energy Levels of Water Isotopologues. II. H₂¹⁷O and H₂¹⁸O with an Update to H₂¹⁶O

The W2020 database of validated experimental transitions and accurate empirical energy levels of water isotopologues, introduced in the work of Furtenbacher et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 49, 033101 (2020)], is updated for H216O and newly populated with data for H217O and H218O. The H217O/H218O spectroscopic data utilized in this study are collected from 65/87 sources, with the sources arranged into 76/99 segments, and the data in these segments yield 27 045/66 166 (mostly measured) rovibrational transitions and 5278/6865 empirical energy levels with appropriate uncertainties. Treatment and validation of the collated transitions of H216O, H217O, and H218O utilized the latest, XML-based version of the MARVEL (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) protocol and code, called xMARVEL. The empirical rovibrational energy levels of H217O and H218O form a complete set through 3204 cm-1 and 4031 cm-1, respectively. Vibrational band origins are reported for 37 and 52 states of H217O and H218O, respectively. The spectroscopic data of this study extend and improve the data collated by an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Task Group in 2010 [J. Tennyson et al., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 110, 2160 (2010)] as well as those reported in the HITRAN2016 information system. Following a minor but significant update to the W2020-H216O dataset, the joint analysis of the rovibrational levels for the series H216O, H217O, and H218O facilitated development of a consistent set of labels among these three water isotopologues and the provision of accurate predictions of yet to be observed energy levels for the minor isotopologues using the combination of xMARVEL results and accurate variational nuclear-motion calculations. To this end, 9925/8409 pseudo-experimental levels have been derived for H217O/H218O, significantly improving the coverage of accurate lines for these two minor water isotopologues up to the visible region. The W2020 database now contains almost all of the transitions, apart from those of HD16O, required for a successful spectroscopic modeling of atmospheric water vapor

The HITRAN2020 Molecular Spectroscopic Database

The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters. It was established in the early 1970s and is used by various computer codes to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media (with an emphasis on terrestrial and planetary atmospheres). The HITRAN compilation is composed of five major components: the line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, experimental infrared absorption cross-sections (for molecules where it is not yet feasible for representation in a line-by-line form), collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables (including partition sums) that apply globally to the data. This paper describes the contents of the 2020 quadrennial edition of HITRAN. The HITRAN2020 edition takes advantage of recent experimental and theoretical data that were meticulously validated, in particular, against laboratory and atmospheric spectra. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2016 (including its updates during the intervening years). All five components of HITRAN have undergone major updates. In particular, the extent of the updates in the HITRAN2020 edition range from updating a few lines of specific molecules to complete replacements of the lists, and also the introduction of additional isotopologues and new (to HITRAN) molecules: SO, CH3F, GeH4, CS2, CH3I and NF3. Many new vibrational bands were added, extending the spectral coverage and completeness of the line lists. Also, the accuracy of the parameters for major atmospheric absorbers has been increased substantially, often featuring sub-percent uncertainties. Broadening parameters associated with the ambient pressure of water vapor were introduced to HITRAN for the first time and are now available for several molecules. The HITRAN2020 edition continues to take advantage of the relational structure and efficient interface available at www.hitran.org and the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI). The functionality of both tools has been extended for the new edition

The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database

The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters. It was established in the early 1970s and is used by various computer codes to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media (with an emphasis on terrestrial and planetary atmospheres). The HITRAN compilation is composed of five major components: the line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, experimental infrared absorption cross-sections (for molecules where it is not yet feasible for representation in a line-by-line form), collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables (including partition sums) that apply globally to the data. This paper describes the contents of the 2020 quadrennial edition of HITRAN. The HITRAN2020 edition takes advantage of recent experimental and theoretical data that were meticulously validated, in particular, against laboratory and atmospheric spectra. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2016 (including its updates during the intervening years). All five components of HITRAN have undergone major updates. In particular, the extent of the updates in the HITRAN2020 edition range from updating a few lines of specific molecules to complete replacements of the lists, and also the introduction of additional isotopologues and new (to HITRAN) molecules: SO, CH3F, GeH4, CS2, CH3I and NF3. Many new vibrational bands were added, extending the spectral coverage and completeness of the line lists. Also, the accuracy of the parameters for major atmospheric absorbers has been increased substantially, often featuring sub-percent uncertainties. Broadening parameters associated with the ambient pressure of water vapor were introduced to HITRAN for the first time and are now available for several molecules. The HITRAN2020 edition continues to take advantage of the relational structure and efficient interface available at www.hitran.org and the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI). The functionality of both tools has been extended for the new edition

Closteroviridae: a new family of flexous plant viruses

Members of the family Closteroviridae have been traditionally defined as plant viruses with thread-like particles having messenger-sense single-stranded RNA, the largest genomes among RNA plant viruses. Individual virus species are distributed worldwide and some of them cause devastating crop losses. The natural host range usually narrow. Diseases symptoms are yellowing type or pitting and/or groowing of the woody cylinder. Infection systemic, but usually limited to the floem. Natural vectors are aphids, whiteflies, pseudococcids, coccids and mealybugs. Trans­mission is semipersistant. Closteroviruses contains 9-13 ORFs flanked by 5'- and 3'- untranslated regions with different length. The genome strategy is based on  polyprotein precessing, +1 ribosomal frame­shift and formation of subgenomic RNAs. Common features of closteroviruses that encode a homologue of HSP70 molecular chaperones found in all cells (HSP70h) and a duplicate (CPd) of the coat protein gene

Natural Virus Infection of Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)

Virus symptoms were observed on Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium) a well known plant in Hungary. In the literature there is no record of virus infection on Hedge bindweed, therefore, investigations were carried out to determine the causal agent. Sap from leaves showing virus-like symptoms was inoculated onto test plants inducing systemic infection on Nicotiana clevelandii, N. benthamiana, local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa and no infection on Datura stramonium and Cucumis sativus. Sap of N. clevelandii was examined by electron microscopy, showed the presence of long flexous particles. The biological and other properties of the virus have also been studied. Properties of particles in sap were as follows: TIP (thermal inactivation point): 78 °C, LIV (longevity in vitro): 26 days and DEP (dilution end point): log 10 minus 5. The size of coat protein is 36 kDa, and the genome consists of 7-8000 nt RNA. Double-stranded cDNA were produced using random hexanucleotide primers, cloned and sequenced. BLAST search of sequence databases revealed nucleotide sequence identity with carlaviruses. Further investigations are needed to decide whether the virus isolated from Hedge bindweed is a new carlavirus or a new strain of an existing carlavirus

The Nucleotide Sequence of Two Hungarian Isolates of Wheat Dwarf Virus

Two wheat-infecting isolates of WDV-WDV-B and WDV-F- were collected in the field of Martonvásár and Nagykovácsi. The complete genomes were amplified by PCR, cloned into pBKS+ plasmid and sequenced. The nucleotide divergence in the total genome of the five isolates-WDV- Fra, WDV-Cz, WDV-Swe, WDV-B and WDV-F-originating from different part of Europe were found to be 0.44-1.69%. The four genes- MP, CP, RepA and Rep-and two non-coding region-LIR and SIR- were compared and a phylogenetic tree was constructed