70 research outputs found
Role of Position 627 of PB2 and the Multibasic Cleavage Site of the Hemagglutinin in the Virulence of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens and Ducks
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and free-living birds with transmission to humans resulting in 59% mortality amongst 564 cases. The mutation of the amino acid at position 627 of the viral polymerase basic-2 protein (PB2) from glutamic acid (E) in avian isolates to lysine (K) in human isolates is frequently found, but it is not known if this change affects the fitness and pathogenicity of the virus in birds. We show here that horizontal transmission of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 (VN/1203) virus in chickens and ducks was not affected by the change of K to E at PB2-627. All chickens died between 21 to 48 hours post infection (pi), while 70% of the ducks survived infection. Virus replication was detected in chickens within 12 hours pi and reached peak titers in spleen, lung and brain between 18 to 24 hours for both viruses. Viral antigen in chickens was predominantly in the endothelium, while in ducks it was present in multiple cell types, including neurons, myocardium, skeletal muscle and connective tissues. Virus replicated to a high titer in chicken thrombocytes and caused upregulation of TLR3 and several cell adhesion molecules, which may explain the rapid virus dissemination and location of viral antigen in endothelium. Virus replication in ducks reached peak values between 2 and 4 days pi in spleen, lung and brain tissues and in contrast to infection in chickens, thrombocytes were not involved. In addition, infection of chickens with low pathogenic VN/1203 caused neuropathology, with E at position PB2-627 causing significantly higher infection rates than K, indicating that it enhances virulence in chickens
Einfluss des Trainings studentischer Tutoren auf die Vermittlung praktischer Fertigkeiten in der Chirurgie
Effektivität der Lehrmethode "Mastery Learning" beim Erlernen von Basisfertigkeiten in der Notfallsonographie
Impact of structured, written peer feedback on content, structure and quality of lectures in surgery
Einfluss eines Trainings für studentische Tutoren auf die Vermittlung von praktischen Fertigkeiten in der Chirurgie
Effekt von strukturierten Evaluationen auf den Unterricht praktischer Fertigkeiten im Fach Chirurgie
Einfluss eines strukturierten Feedbacks auf Inhalt, Struktur und Qualität der Hauptvorlesung Chirurgie
Vergleichende Effektivitätsanalyse verschiedener Lehrmethoden auf das Erlernen der Schulter- und Kniegelenkuntersuchung
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