Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

An Efficient Frequency-Domain Analysis Technique of MOSFET Operation

We propose a harmonic balance technique for the frequency-domain analysis of MOSFET operation. Our approach is based on the charge-sheet and the non-quasistatic(NQS) MOSFET models in the channel region with the harmonic balance(HB) technique applied to the channel charges. Lateral field effect is considered in the formulation to analyze the short channel MOSFET devices. It is shown that the proposed method renders a computationally efficient tool to analyze the harmonic distortion occurrence in the MOSFET devices due to the nonlinear response of the channel charges. 1

Influence of substrate temperature on the properties of pulsed laser deposited silver nanoparticle thin films and their application in SERS detection of bovine serum albumin

The effect of substrate temperature (Ts) on electrical conductance, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) thin films is presented. AgNP films are grown on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition in a controlled Ar atmosphere at a pressure of 0.1 mbar and varying Ts. Different Ts results in different morphologies, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of interparticle distance on the electrical conductance of AgNPs is highlighted. The current–voltage characteristics display negative resistance effect and is attributed to the charge trapping process in AgNPs. The film deposited at room temperature presents a SPR peak at λ = 460 nm, and its wavelength first increases until Ts reaches 300 °C and then decreases with further increasing Ts. The quantitative analysis of SERS studies reveals that SERS intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed on AgNP substrate deposited at 300 °C exhibits a higher intensity as compared with that of BSA adsorbed on the SERS active substrates at any other Ts.s This study has been partially funded by (1) Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the project PTDC/FIS/098943/2008 and strategic project PEST-C/FIS/ UI0607/2011 (2) European COST Actions MP0901-NanoTP and MP0903-NanoAlloy. The authors K.K., K.C.S., J.P.B.S., and G.M. are grateful for financial support through the FCT Grants SFRH/ BPD/87215/2012, SFRH/BPD/68489/2010, SFRH/BPD/92896/2013 and SFRH/BD/72809/2010, respectively. The authors would also like to thank Engineer José Santos for technical support at Thin Film Laboratory