Ekstrak Etanol Ubi Jalar Ungu untuk Mencegah Peningkatan pH Vagina setelah Ovariektomi Bilateral pada Tikus Wistar

AVaginal atrophy is one of the most common health problems in postmenopausal women. The disease is characterized by decreasing layers and maturation index of the vaginal epithelium and an increase in vaginal pH. A decrease in vaginal acidity will increase the susceptibility to infections since acidic pH protects the vagina from pathogens infection. The previous study has proven that phytoestrogens were effective to improve the microstructures of the vaginal, reduce urogenital complaints, and improve vaginal pH. The purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) which is cultivated in Bali was recognized for its high anthocyanin content and was reported to have phytoestrogen activity. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of purple sweet potato on vaginal pH in an animal model of menopause. The randomized pre-test post-test control group design study was conducted using 36 bilateral ovariectomized female Wistar rats as an animal model of menopause. The animals were divided randomly into a control group (T0) which was given saline and a treatment group (T1) given an ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato 400 mg/day for 30 days. Vaginal pH was measured before treatment, every week during treatment, and after treatment. The result of the study showed that there was an increase in vaginal pH of the T0 on the 2nd and 3rd week, and after treatment (

The early onset of Chronic Kidney Disease stage five in 11 years old boy with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease due to PKD-1 mutation

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease. Only a few renal cysts are detected in most affected individuals before 30 years of ages and only 2% of patients with ADPKD present with early clinical manifestations before 15 years old. The average age at onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was 50 years. ADPKD is caused by mutations in one of two genes, PKD 1 and PKD 2. PKD1 was associated with more severe disease than PKD2, with earlier age at diagnosis, higher number of kidney cysts, the earlier onset of hypertension and faster progression to CKD stage five.  Objective: To describe of the factors that caused early onset of CKD stage five in ADPKD.Case: An 11 years old boy diagnosed with CKD stage 5 caused by ADPKD with urinary tract infection. The patient complaint with fatigue, pale, fever, flank pain and cloudy urine. The grandfather got the renal failure history and aunty got hypertension since she was young. The parents of patient have consanguinous mating. In the physical examination has been found hypertension grade 1. The laboratory test has been shown decrease of glomerular filtration rate, anemia, imbalance electrolite and metabolic acidosis. Urine investigation  with leucosituria and positive E. Colli. Ultrasonography  and CT stonography showed bilateral multiple cysts in the kidneys with left kidney enlargement. His parents also got multiple cysts in both of kidneys with the normal size of kidneys. Gene analysis showed homozygous for missense mutations 11734insC, in exon 43 of the PKD 1 gene. The patient got regular hemodialysis and other supportive therapy.Conclusion: The early onset of CKD stage five in ADPKD is related to PKD 1 homozygous gene mutation, male gender and enlargement of kidney

Perbedaan Gambaran Histopatologi Granuloma Paru Mencit Setelah Diinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan atau Intervensi Silika

The characteristics of lung tuberculosis is granuloma, which is consisted of lymphocytes andmacrophages that show the interaction between immune cells and M.tb. Granuloma is the organizationprocess which is depend on lymphocytes invasion, adhesion molecules and chemokine fasilitation. Silicosiswhich is caused by silica, can influence granuloma in the lung. The features of granuloma is variationdepend on the elicited agent and immune reaction. The main purpose of this study was to prove thehistopathology differences of mice lung granuloma caused by M.tb infection, silica intervention and bothin 3th and 7th weeks. It was 45 mice Balb-c strain, divided into 3 groups; P1 got M.tb infection with H37Rvstrain 105 perml,P2 got silica intervention with 60 micro litre and, P3 got both of M.tb infection and silica intervention. Termination of each group were held on 3 and 7 weeks of intervention, continued byhistopathology examination. In the histopathology feature, we done semi-quantitative prosedure to measurelung damage by using Dormans scores; perivasculitis, peribronchiolitis, alveolitis and granuloma. Oneway anova to analysis the differences of histopathologycal result among these groups (P< 0,05). Resultshowed the significant differences among these group. In the 3th weeks, we found mild lung damage werehappened in all groups with granuloma, without necrosic (P1 and P2). In the 7th weeks we found severe lungdamage in P3 with necrotic and fibrotic granuloma sign, with necrosis in P1, with fibrotic in P2. Weconcluded the worst lung damage happened in 7th weeks in group which are got M.tb infection and silicaintervention, with granuloma characterictic of necrosic and fibrotic

Potensi Senyawa Fitokimia pada Tumbuhan dalam Menurunkan Kadar Glukosa Darah pada Diabetes Melitus: Potential of Phytochemical Compounds in Plants in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes

Diabetes melitus adalah gangguan metabolik kronis yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia atau tingginya glukosa dalam darah karena gangguan dalam sekresi maupun respons terhadap hormon insulin. Menurut data dari International Diabetes Federation, prevalensi diabetes melitus di seluruh dunia sudah sangat tinggi, yaitu 537 juta pada tahun 2021. Akan tetapi, sudah ada berbagai obat alternatif alami yang dapat digunakan untuk menangani penyakit tersebut. Dalam beberapa penelitian, banyak tanaman yang sudah teruji khasiatnya sebagai obat antidiabetes alami karena kandungan fitokimianya. Studi literature review ini dilakukan dengan pencarian data melalui Google Scholar dan Science Direct dalam kurun  waktu 10 tahun terakhir (2013-2022). Dari 29 artikel yang sesuai diperoleh hasil bahwa beberapa kandungan fitokimia pada tumbuhan seperti alkaloid dengan kemampuannya memperbaiki sel beta pankreas, flavonoid sebagai astringen, saponin dengan kemampuannya menstimulasi sekresi insulin dari sel beta pankreas, dan tanin sebagai antioksidan alami berpotensi menurunkan glukosa darah pada diabetes melitus tipe 1 dan 2

Flavonoid dalam Penyembuhan Luka Bakar pada Kulit: Flavonoids in Healing Burns on the Skin

Burns can be caused by heat or other acute trauma, currently the number of cases is still high in Indonesia and the world. The advances of burns treatment are made through research on possible natural ingredients. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are most commonly found in plants and as well as possible in burn healing. The aims of this literature review are decribed burns, histological structure of skin, and the effectiveness of flavoinoids in burns healing. The method used in this literature review is by searching data through the Science Direct, PubMed, and Google chrome databases. The search results of 19 appropriate journals, it was found that the flavonoid compounds can heal burns through their ability to inhibit prostanoid biosynthesis, inhibition of phosphodiesterase, and various other important mechanisms. Keywords: burns, histological structure of skin, flavonoids, burns healing Abstrak Luka bakar dapat sebabkan oleh panas atau trauma akut lain, saat ini jumlah kasusnya masih tinggi di Indonesia maupun dunia. Kemajuan pengobatan luka bakar dilakukan melalui penelitian bahan alami yang berpotensi. Flavonoid adalah senyawa polifenolik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada tumbuh-tumbuhan serta berpotensi dalam penyembuhan luka bakar. Literature review ini bertujuan mengulas tentang luka bakar, struktur histologi kulit serta potensi flavonoid pada penyembuhan luka bakar. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan literature review ini dengan pencarian data melalui database pada Science Direct, PubMed, dan Google chrome. Dari hasil pencarian ditemukan 19 jurnal yang sesuai, diperoleh hasil bahwa senyawa jenis flavonoid yang terkandung pada beberapa tumbuhan berpotensi menyembuhkan luka bakar melalui kemampuannya dalam penghambatan biosintesis prostanoid, penghambatan fosfodiesterase, serta berbagai mekanisme penting lainnya. Kata Kunci: luka bakar, struktur histologi kulit, flavonoid, penyembuhan luka baka

Growth Hormone Menurunkan Ekspresi Protein p53 dan p21 Sel Endotel Tikus Jantan (GROWTH HORMONE REDUCES P53 AND P21 ENDOTHELIAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN MALE RATS)

The use of growth hormone (GH) treatment in aging related condition such as atherosclerosis is stillcontroversial. Previous study showed GH reduce atherosclerotic plaque and prevent endothelial cellsenescence. This study was aimed to understand the mechanism of GH effect to endothelial senescencethrough p53/p21 pathway. A randomized posttest only control group design study was conducted. Twentymale Wistar rats were randomized into five groups; negative control (P0), positive control (P1), and GHtreated group (P2, P3, P4). Negative control group was fed with standard diet, and others were fed withatherogenic diet for 20 weeks. After 10 weeks, subjects were injected subcutaneously (0,1 mL) with aquadest(P0 and P1) and increasing dose of GH (0,02 IU, 0,04 IU, and 0,08 IU) for P2, P3, P4 once a day respectivelyfor 10 weeks. In the end of the study all subjects were examined for p53 and p21 endothelial proteinexpressions. Immunohistochemistry of endothelial p53 showed reduce expression in treated groups (P0:7.28 ± 0.36; P1: 39.51 ± 1.18; P2: 32.70 ± 1.10; P3: 16.98 ± 0.78; and P4: 14.29 ± 0.38). The reduction was also observed in p21 expression (P0: 5.38 ± 0.49; P1: 37.81 ± 0.76; P2: 26.02 ± 1.54; P3: 16.37 ± 1.24; andP4: 4.82 ± 0.61. One way analysis of variance and post hoc test (LSD) analysis showed significant differencesbetween all groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, GH reduces endothelial expression of p53 and p21 and thispathway may contribute to GH effect on atherosclerotic plaque and endothelial senescence

Penurunan Kadar Trigliserida pada Tikus Jantan dengan Terapi Growth Hormone (DECREASE OF TRIGLYCERIDE LEVEL IN MALE RAT BY GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT)

The use of growth hormone (GH) as cardiovascular disease treatment is still controversial. In thispreliminary study the effect of growth hormone therapy on plasma triglyceride level in dyslipidemia wasexamined. Pre and post control group design study was done using 20 dyslipidemic (total cholesterol &gt;200mg/dL) male rats, age 11–12 month-old. The subjects were divided into four groups, aquadest (P0), GH0.02 IU/day (P1), GH 0.04 IU/day (P2), and GH 0.08 IU/day (P3). All subjects were given high cholesteroldiet for three weeks to achieve dyslipidemic in blood level. Aquadest and GH were injected subcutaneouslyonce daily for two weeks. Triglyceride plasma level was measured on day 22nd and 38th by using colorimetricenzymatic test. The mean of pre test plasma triglyceride level of all groups was 136.30 mg/dL and nosignificant difference was found among the groups (p &gt; 0.05). Growth hormone therapy significantly reducedplasma triglyceride level of P1 by 11.78% (118.82 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01), P2 by 23.46% (103.41 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01),and P3 by 35.15% (90.22 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.01). Comparison of  post test data amomg the groups showedsignificant difference (p &lt; 0.01). This study show that growth hormone therapy could reduce plasmatriglyceride level in dyslipidemic rat. However, further research is needed to more understand the effect ofthe therapy on cardiovascular diseases

Perbedaan Gambaran Histopatologi Granuloma Paru Mencit Setelah Diinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan atau Intervensi Silika (THE INFLUENCES OF TIME IN THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LUNG GRANULOMA IN MICE AFTER INFECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND SILI

The characteristics of lung tuberculosis is granuloma, which is consisted of lymphocytes andmacrophages that show the interaction between immune cells and M.tb. Granuloma is the organizationprocess which is depend on lymphocytes invasion, adhesion molecules and chemokine fasilitation. Silicosiswhich is caused by silica, can influence granuloma in the lung. The features of granuloma is variationdepend on the elicited agent and immune reaction. The main purpose of this study was to prove thehistopathology differences of  mice lung granuloma caused by M.tb infection,  silica intervention and bothin 3th  and 7th weeks. It was 45 mice Balb-c strain, divided into 3 groups;  P1 got  M.tb infection with H37Rvstrain 105  perml,P2 got silica intervention with 60 micro litre and, P3 got both of M.tb infection and  silica intervention. Termination of each group were held on 3 and 7 weeks of intervention, continued byhistopathology examination. In the histopathology feature, we done semi-quantitative prosedure to measurelung damage by using Dormans scores; perivasculitis, peribronchiolitis, alveolitis and granuloma. Oneway anova to analysis the differences of histopathologycal result among these groups (P&lt; 0,05).  Resultshowed the significant differences  among these group.  In the 3th weeks, we found  mild lung damage werehappened in all groups with granuloma, without necrosic (P1 and P2). In the 7th weeks we found  severe lungdamage in P3 with necrotic and fibrotic granuloma sign, with necrosis in P1, with fibrotic in P2.  Weconcluded the worst lung damage happened in 7th weeks in group which are got M.tb infection and silicaintervention, with granuloma characterictic of necrosic and fibrotic

Purple Sweet Potato Reduces Malondialdehyde and TNF-a, Increases p53, and Protects Histopathological Appearance in Formaldehyde-induced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Rats

BACKGROUND:Purple sweet potato tuber ethanol extract (PSPTEE) has been known to have benefits in various disease, including to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, there has been no research on PSPTEE in preventing the proliferation of nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelial cells induced by formaldehyde through the oxidative stress mechanisms and inflammatory process. Studies have proven the effect of PSP on various cancer cells, but the carcinogenesis process of the nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelium is still limited. Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate the mechanism for preventing histopathology changes with PSPTEE due to formaldehyde exposure.METHODS: Thirty-two formaldehyde-induced Wistar rats were treated with or without 1g/kgBW/day PSPTEE for 16 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level were examined with spectrophotometry method, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and p53 with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The histopathology appearance of the nasopharyngeal epithelium was observed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.RESULTS: MDA and TNF-α levels in control and treatment group were 22.89±2.84 μM; 9.83±0.89 μM and 84.18±11.58 ng/L; 73.92±10.59 ng/L, respectively, and they showed significant difference. Meanwhile, the level of p53 showed no significant difference. Histopathology appearance showed a significant difference. Path analysis for MDA, TNF-α and p53 levels contributed 28.7% to histopathology appearance. MDA have an effect on significant direct effect on TNF-α. TNF-α has a significant direct effect to histopathological appearance. Indirect influence MDA on histopatological appearance were smaller than the direct effect. TNF-α has the greatest influence on histopatological appearance.CONCLUSION: Formaldehyde induces the histopathology appearance in nasopharyngeal epithelium. This study also demonstrates the mechanism to prevent the nasopharynx epithelial histopathology appearance by administration of PSPTEE.KEYWORDS: PSP, MDA, TNF-α, p53, nasopharynx epithelia

Ethanol Extract of Spondias pinnata Leaves Reduce Parasite Number and Increase Macrophage Phagocytosis Capacity of Mice Infected by Plasmodium berghei

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no vaccine against malaria in humans, the development of resistance to anti-malarial drugs, causing the need to find new alternatives to overcome malaria infections. This study aimed to determine effect of Spondias pinnata in increasing cellular immunity, especially phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages against Plasmodium berghei infection.METHODS: This was an experimental study with two stages of research, each stage requires 36 Balb/c mice, aged 2 months and weight 20-25 grams. After one week of acclimatization, the mice were put into 6 different groups, each group consisted of 6 mice. The negative control was a group of mice given distilled water for 14 days then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day. Meanwhile, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups were given S. pinnata leaves ethanol extract with dose of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively, and then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day.RESULTS: The results showed that the lowest parasitemia and the highest capacity of macrophage to phagocytose latex was found in treatment group T3 that received 50 mg/kg BW of S. pinnata leaves ethanol extract. Based on analysis of the Pearson correlation test, there was a significant correlation between percent phagocytosis and parasitemia (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of S. pinnata leaves lower the parasite number of P. berghei in Balb/c mice and increase the capacity of macrophage to phagocytose latex. However, the mechanisms of how S. pinnata leaves extract in activating phagocytosis capacity and reducing parasitemia still need further investigation.KEYWORDS: phagocytosis, Plasmodium berghei, parasite number, Spondias pinnat