Development of a plasmaetching process of copper for the microfabrication of high-density interconnects in advanced packaging

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Genetic diversity of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with an overview of its distribution and implications for biological control

We are very grateful to Marta Montserrat, El-Sayed El-Banhawy, and Ginette Azandeme, for their help in providing populations from Israel, Egypt and Benin, respectively.International audienceHighlights• A. swirskii is present in 22 countries, mainly in Africa and the Middle East.• A. swirskii occurs mostly on crops and uncultivated plants of Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae.• Molecular diversity of A. swirskii was very low in all populations except those of Cape Verde.• Populations tested in Egypt, Israel, Reunion Island, and Benin were very similar to commercial material.• Molecular diversity in the Cape Verde population may reflect novel life history traits useful in biocontrol.AbstractAmblyseius swirskii is a predatory mite of the family Phytoseiidae that is widely used in biological control of small insect and mite pests. A population from Israel was the source of material now commercially marketed by several biocontrol companies. The present study aimed to characterize the genetic variability of A. swirskii using 12S rRNA, CytB and COI mtDNA sequences, and explore its geographical distribution based on a compilation of known and newly- reported occurrences, including populations from several countries where this species naturally occurs. Amblyseius swirskii is reported from 22 countries, primarily in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Africa. The species has been reported on 48 plant families, with the highest number of observations on Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, mostly on crops, but also on uncultivated plants. The genetic diversity of A. swirskii was very low in all populations except the one from Cape Verde; all other studied populations were not differentiated from the commercial ones. The results suggest that commercialized and natural populations now co-occur widely, even in natural environments. The Cape Verde population seems to be a distinct natural population with relatively high intra-population variation, even among specimens collected in a single locality and on a single plant species. Further analyses would be required to determine how much the observed genetic differentiation results in different biological features, but the diversity present in the natural Cape Verde populations of A. swirskii may provide a source of novel traits with potential to improve the performance of this natural enemy

Genetic diversity of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with an overview of its distribution and implications for biological control

We are very grateful to Marta Montserrat, El-Sayed El-Banhawy, and Ginette Azandeme, for their help in providing populations from Israel, Egypt and Benin, respectively.International audienceHighlights• A. swirskii is present in 22 countries, mainly in Africa and the Middle East.• A. swirskii occurs mostly on crops and uncultivated plants of Rosaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae.• Molecular diversity of A. swirskii was very low in all populations except those of Cape Verde.• Populations tested in Egypt, Israel, Reunion Island, and Benin were very similar to commercial material.• Molecular diversity in the Cape Verde population may reflect novel life history traits useful in biocontrol.AbstractAmblyseius swirskii is a predatory mite of the family Phytoseiidae that is widely used in biological control of small insect and mite pests. A population from Israel was the source of material now commercially marketed by several biocontrol companies. The present study aimed to characterize the genetic variability of A. swirskii using 12S rRNA, CytB and COI mtDNA sequences, and explore its geographical distribution based on a compilation of known and newly- reported occurrences, including populations from several countries where this species naturally occurs. Amblyseius swirskii is reported from 22 countries, primarily in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Africa. The species has been reported on 48 plant families, with the highest number of observations on Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae, mostly on crops, but also on uncultivated plants. The genetic diversity of A. swirskii was very low in all populations except the one from Cape Verde; all other studied populations were not differentiated from the commercial ones. The results suggest that commercialized and natural populations now co-occur widely, even in natural environments. The Cape Verde population seems to be a distinct natural population with relatively high intra-population variation, even among specimens collected in a single locality and on a single plant species. Further analyses would be required to determine how much the observed genetic differentiation results in different biological features, but the diversity present in the natural Cape Verde populations of A. swirskii may provide a source of novel traits with potential to improve the performance of this natural enemy

The mechanisms and temperature dependence of superlattice stacking fault formation in the single-crystal superalloy PWA 1480

Deformation microstructures in PWA 1480 nickel-base superalloy single crystals were studied in the range of 20 °C to 1100 °C. Similar to previous investigations, superlattice stacking faults were observed after slow strain rate deformation at temperatures between 700 °C and 950 °C. Unlike previous studies, a high density of superlattice stacking faults was observed after deformation at 200 °C and below. The mechanisms of fault formation in the two temperature regimes were different. In the range of 700 °C to 950 °C, single isolated superlattice-intrinsic stacking faults (SISFs) were produced by the decomposition of an a/2(110) matrix dislocation in the γ/γ′ interface. The a/3(112) partial shears the particle, while the a/6(112) Shockley remains in the interface. At 200 °C and below, a high density of faults was produced on closely spaced parallel planes. The most common feature after deformation in this range is the faulted loop, which is most often observed to be a superlattice-extrinsic stacking fault (SESF). These low-temperature faults, along with their temperature dependence, were quite similar to those observed in single-phase Ll22 materials. The available evidence suggests that the low-temperature faults were produced by the dissociation of an a \u3c 11\u3e unit superdislocation into a pair of a/3 \u3c 112\u3e partials. The temperature dependence of the faulting (at low temperatures) was modeled by linear isotropic elasticity, and the results suggest that the SISF energy increases significantly from 20 °C to 400 °C. Multiplanar, overlapping superlattice faults were analyzed with respect to bond violations. This analysis suggested that an antiphase boundary (APB) on top of an SISF has a very high fault energy, similar to that of the complex stacking fault. Therefore, the presence of SISF loops on glide planes promotes further dissociation by the SISF scheme instead of the APB scheme and explains the high density of SESFs and microtwins observed in the deformation structures. © 1991 The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, and ASM International