Cryptands by One-Pot Homoacetylenic Cu-Catalyzed Coupling -Synthesis, Structure and Properties

This review presents the synthesis of macrobicyclic compounds built from triphenylmethane, triphenylphosphine oxide units and other three-dimensional molecules with an aromatic core, as well as some fullerene precursors and buta-1,3-diynediyl spacers. The dependence of the coupling yield on the solvent, catalysts (Cu+ and/or Cu2+) and presence of oxygen is also addressed. The formation of inclusion complexes of these cage molecules with appropriately sized neutral guests such as solvent molecules (acetonitrile, benzene, dichloromethane, chloroform), cubane, benzyl cyanide and structural information of the host derivatives are also reviewed

Synthesis of Podands with Cyanurate or Isocyanurate Cores and Terminal Triple Bonds

The synthesis of podands with cyanuric or isocyanuric acid cores and oligoethyleneoxy pendant arms exhibiting terminal triple bonds or brominated triple bonds is reported. The starting material for cyanuric acid derived podands is commercially available cyanuric acid, while the isocyanuric derivatives are obtained by thermal isomerization of the corresponding cyanurates

Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Chiral Investigations of Some Atropisomers with EE-Tetrahalogeno-1,3-butadiene Core

The atropenantiomers of stable 1,2,3,4-tetrahalo-1,3-butadiene derivatives (where halogeno stands for bromine or iodine) were separated with use of chiral HPLC. The barriers for the enantiomerization process were determined on-line by dynamic HPLC (DHPLC) or off-line by classical kinetic measurements. In the case of the tetrachloro compound, the barrier was too low for DHPLC and its value was obtained by dynamic NMR experiments. The obtained barriers for chloro, bromo, and iodo derivatives correlate with the van der Waals radii of the halogens. The absolute configuration of the isolated enantiomers of the tetraiodo and tetrabromo compounds was assigned by comparison of the experimental and conformations averaged calculated VCD spectra. The identification of a signature band of the absolute configuration of the butadiene core, the sign and location of which are independent from the different conformations and substituents, allowing the safe assignment of the absolute configuration of the enantiomers of chiral 1,3-butadienes, is also reported

The International Law of Secession and the Protection of the Human Rights of Oppressed Sub-State Groups: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

This paper focuses on significant patterns/features in the historical development of the international law of secession and its contribution over time (or the lack thereof) to the struggle to afford greater protection to oppressed sub-state groups the world over. It was Crawford Young who once observed that “the state as an analytical quarry is an elusive and complex prey.” With the necessary modifications, this observation applies with almost equal force to the international law of secession. Complexity and confusion loom too large in this area of international law. For example, there is, at best, little clarity in the literature of the discipline of international law and in related fields of study regarding the existence or otherwise of an international legal entitlement to secession in favor of even the most highly oppressed and subjugated sub-state groups