Double-averaged velocity and stress distributions for hydraulically-smooth and transitionally-rough turbulent flows

Peer reviewedPreprin

Very-large-scale motions in rough-bed open-channel flow

Acknowledgements The study has been supported by two EPSRC/UK grants, ‘High-resolution numerical and experimental studies of turbulence-induced sediment erosion and near-bed transport’ (EP/G056404/1) and ‘Bed friction in rough-bed free-surface flows: a theoretical framework, roughness regimes, and quantification’ (EP/K041169/1). Discussions with I. Marusic and comments of three anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Defining Hierarchical Decision Trees for Encarsia Formosa Strategies from Greenhouse Tomato Consultants' Perspectives

Market pressure is forcing New Zealand greenhouse tomato growers to shift from conventional to more environmentally-friendly pest control methods such as IPM (Integrated Pest Management). Growers can access IPM manuals, but these tend to provide generalized advice, which they find difficult to apply to their own situations. Alternatively, growers can use consultants to tailor IPM strategies to their own situations. One method of providing growers with better advice is to capture the knowledge of "expert" consultants and translate this into a form that can be used by growers. To this end, two consultants with expertise in IPM strategy were studied and their knowledge documented. This paper focuses on the strategies the expert consultants used to tailor Encarsia formosa, a natural enemy of greenhouse whitefly, to individual greenhouse's specific needs. Both consultants used an IPM template and seven to eight decision criteria to tailor their advice to individual grower's situations. These decisions were represented as hierarchical decision trees. One consultant started with low Encarsia rates for a short time before increasing them while the other consultant started with high Encarsia rates for a longer period before decreasing them later. Growers' risk perceptions and acceptance of the consultants' pest threshold levels influenced the success of the IPM strategy.decision trees, consultants, Encarsia, greenhouse tomato, Farm Management,

Projections for future radiocarbon content in dissolved inorganic carbon in hardwater lakes: a retrospective approach

Inland water bodies contain significant amounts of carbon in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from a mixture of modern atmospheric and pre-aged sources, which needs to be considered in radiocarbon-based dating and natural isotope tracer studies. While reservoir effects in hardwater lakes are generally considered to be constant through time, a comparison of recent and historical DI14C data from 2013 and 1969 for Lake Constance reveals that this is not a valid assumption. We hypothesize that changes in atmospheric carbon contributions to lake water DIC have taken place due to anthropogenically forced eutrophication in the 20th century. A return to more oligotrophic conditions in the lake led to reoxygenation and enhanced terrigenous organic matter remineralization, contributing to lake water DIC. Such comparisons using DI14C measurements from different points in time enable nonlinear changes in lake water DIC source and signature to be disentangled from concurrent anthropogenically induced changes in atmospheric 14C. In the future, coeval changes in lake dynamics due to climate change are expected to further perturb these balances. Depending on the scenario, Lake Constance DI14C is projected to decrease from the 2013 measured value of 0.856 Fm to 0.54–0.62 Fm by the end of the century

How should golfers monitor training load?

Training load monitoring has been integrated into a variety of sports at a high level over the past decade. However, it has been presented by various authors that golfer’s sustain injury caused by overuse of specific sites of the body. This is done without knowledge of golf specific training loads and little academic research into training load monitoring within golf. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the topic of load monitoring in golf should be researched, as load monitoring in other sports has been researched. Such studies have lead to the quantification of load and acute chronic workload ratios by academics. Two literature reviews; one on injury in golf and one investigating training load monitoring in other sports preceded a set of semi structured interviews with subjects working as coaches, doctors, physiotherapists and players within international golf. The purpose of the semi structured interviews was to discuss topics relating to golfing load, summarise the opinions of the experts on those topics and define the importance of each topic relating to a golf specific load monitoring tool