A solution to the problem of clustered objects compact partitioning

The urgency of the study consists in the fact that an object arrangement topology of a distributed system is often nonuniform. Objects can be placed at different distances from each other, thus forming clusters. That is why solving the problem of compact partitioning into sets containing thousands of objects requires the most effective way to a better use of natural structuring of objects that form clusters. The aim of the study is the development of methods of compact partitioning of sets of objects presented as clusters. The research methods are based on applied theories of sets, theory of compact sets and compact partitions, and linear programming methods with Boolean variables. As a result, the paper offers the method necessary to analyze composition and content of clusters. It also evaluates cluster compactness, which results in the decision to include clusters into the sets of partitions. It addresses the problem of optimizing the rearrangement of objects between compact sets that form clusters, which is based on the criteria of maximizing the total compactness of sets. The problem is formulated in the class of objectives of linear programming methods with Boolean variables. It introduces the example of object rearrangement

A solution to the problem of clustered objects compact partitioning

The urgency of the study consists in the fact that an object arrangement topology of a distributed system is often nonuniform. Objects can be placed at different distances from each other, thus forming clusters. That is why solving the problem of compact partitioning into sets containing thousands of objects requires the most effective way to a better use of natural structuring of objects that form clusters. The aim of the study is the development of methods of compact partitioning of sets of objects presented as clusters. The research methods are based on applied theories of sets, theory of compact sets and compact partitions, and linear programming methods with Boolean variables. As a result, the paper offers the method necessary to analyze composition and content of clusters. It also evaluates cluster compactness, which results in the decision to include clusters into the sets of partitions. It addresses the problem of optimizing the rearrangement of objects between compact sets that form clusters, which is based on the criteria of maximizing the total compactness of sets. The problem is formulated in the class of objectives of linear programming methods with Boolean variables. It introduces the example of object rearrangement

Conversion processes for high-viscosity heavy crude oil in catalytic and noncatalytic aquathermolysis

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media. We have conducted experiments on noncatalytic and catalytic aquathermolysis of high-viscosity heavy crude oil from the Ashal'cha field (Tatarstan) in the presence of a crude oil-soluble nickel- and cobalt-containing catalyst, a proton donor, and a rock-forming mineral. We have identified the characteristic features of the change in the constituent composition, the hydrocarbon composition, and the fractional composition, the rheological properties of the crude oils, the average molecular weight of the asphaltenes for catalytic and noncatalytic conversion processes. For catalytic aquathermolysis, we established significant de novo formation of light 70°C-250°C fractions (by 23 wt.%), n-alkylbenzenes, an increase in the oil content by a factor of 1.3, a decrease in the resin content by a factor of 1.7, and a decrease in the viscosity by 98 rel.%. The major difference between the conversion of crude oil in the presence of the catalyst and the proton donor involves activation of degradation reactions at C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S bonds and blocking of polymerization reactions and accordingly less coke formation. We observed sorption of the catalyst components on rock

Реализация противоопухолевых лекарственных препаратов в розничном сегменте фармацевтического рынка Российской Федерации

Objective: to study the features of the population consumption of antitumor drugs (ATDs) of groups L01 and L02 according to the anatomical, therapeutic and chemical classification (ATC), purchased at the expense of personal funds of citizens in the retail sector of the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation (RF).Material and methods. We analyzed data on the range of ATDs sold in retail pharmacies in all federal districts of the RF in 2020–2023. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of grouping data by ATC groups and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results. At the end of 2022, in the RF, about 6 million packages of ATDs worth 6.5 billion rubles were purchased at the expense of citizens’ personal funds, i.e. approximately 1/6 of the total sales of oncology medications in monetary terms and 3.0% of the total sales in physical terms. The maximum sales in monetary terms per 100 thousand population were noted in the Central, Northwestern and Southern Federal Districts. The Central Federal District accounts for about 50% of total sales of ATDs in monetary terms and 35% of sales in physical terms. The maximum costs were for medications in ATC groups L01B Antimetabolites, L02A Hormones and related compounds and L02B Hormone antagonists and related compounds. The average shares of ATDs in the ATC group L01B were 32.8% in total sales in monetary terms and 50.8% in physical terms, in the ATC group L02B – 27.3% and 31.9%, L02A – 21.8% and 5.7%, L01X – 8.9% and 7.9%, respectively. In the RF as a whole, the top-3 international nonproprietary names of greatest demand in the pharmaceutical market retail segment included methotrexate, buserelin and anastrozole, which account for more than 40% of sales volume in monetary terms.Conclusion. The obtained results can be used by healthcare organizers to clarify the real need for ATDs, as well as to improve drug care for cancer patients.Цель: изучение особенностей популяционного потребления противоопухолевых лекарственных препаратов (ПЛП) групп L01 и L02 по анатомо-терапевтическо-химической классификации (АТХ), приобретаемых за счет личных средств граждан в розничном секторе фармацевтического рынка Российской Федерации (РФ).Материал и методы. Проанализированы данные о номенклатуре и объемах отпуска ПЛП в аптечных организациях всех федеральных округов РФ в 2020–2023 гг. Использованы методы сравнительного, ретроспективного, логического, графического и контент-анализа, метод группировки данных (в соответствии с принадлежностью к группам по АТХ-классификации) и методы описательной статистики.Результаты. По итогам 2022 г. в РФ за счет личных средств граждан приобретено около 6 млн упаковок ПЛП на сумму 6,5 млрд руб., что составляет 1/6 часть совокупного объема реализации онкологических средств в натуральном выражении и 3,0% совокупного объема реализации в стоимостном выражении. Наибольшие значения объемов продаж в денежном выражении в пересчете на 100 тыс. населения отмечены в Центральном, Северо-Западном и Южном федеральных округах. На Центральный федеральный округ приходится около 50% общего объема реализации ПЛП в стоимостном выражении и 35% объема реализации в натуральном выражении. Наибольшие затраты приходились на лекарственные препараты АТХ-групп L01B Антиметаболиты, L02А Гормоны и родственные соединения и L02B Антагонисты гормонов и родственные соединения. Средние доли препаратов АТХ-группы L01B составили 32,8% в общем объеме продаж в стоимостном выражении и 50,8% в натуральном выражении, групп L02В – 27,3% и 31,9%, L02А – 21,8% и 5,7%, L01X – 8,9% и 7,9% соответственно. В целом по РФ в топ-3 международных непатентованных наименования, пользующихся наибольшим спросом в розничном сегменте фармацевтического рынка, входят метотрексат, бусерелин и анастрозол, на долю которых приходится более 40% объема продаж в стоимостном выражении.Заключение. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы организаторами здравоохранения для уточнения реальной потребности в ПЛП, а также для совершенствования лекарственной помощи онкологическим больным

Анализ реализации гипотензивных препаратов и статинов в сегменте аптечной сети Самарской области за период 2015–2020 гг.

Objective: to determine the compliance of antihypertensive drugs consumption with the trends of modern pharmacotherapy.Material and methods. The analysis of the consumption level of antihypertensive drugs, their fixed combinations (FC), as well as statins in the retail sector of the pharmaceutical market of the Samara Region in 2015–2020 was carried out. The material of this retrospective study was information about the nomenclature and volume of drug sales in physical and monetary terms for the period under review in one of the retail pharmacies of the Samara Region. The traditional method of pharmacoepidemiological analysis aimed at studying the correctness, completeness and preferences of drug use in real practice is questionnaires for physicians and patients. The main antihypertensive drugs (diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers) and their FC were selected for the analysis.Results. Long-term use of medications aimed at reducing high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia is seen as an effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular complications and mortality in both primary and secondary prevention. The analysis of sales of basic cardiological drugs in the pharmacy network segment of the Samara Region in 5-year dynamics showed that the consumption of hypotensive drugs and statins makes up 4.72% of the total item sales, with prevalence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (28.0%) and β-blockers (23.5%), with insufficient consumption of FC (23.7%), extremely low sales of statins (7.58%).Conclusion. The structure of the studied segment of the pharmaceutical market is conservative with insufficient positive dynamics in the consumption of effective modern drugs and their FC. Цель: определение соответствия потребления гипотензивных лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) тенденциям современной фармакотерапии.Материал и методы. Проведен анализ реализации гипотензивных ЛП, их фиксированных комбинаций (ФК), а также статинов в розничном секторе фармацевтического рынка Самарской обл. в 2015–2020 гг. Материалом ретроспективного исследования являлись сведения о номенклатуре и объемах отпуска ЛП в натуральном и денежном выражении за рассматриваемый период в одной из сети аптек Самарской обл. Традиционным способом фармакоэпидемиологического анализа, направленного на изучение корректности, полноты и предпочтений использования ЛП в реальной практике, является анкетирование врачей и пациентов. Для анализа были выбраны основные гипотензивные ЛП (диуретики, ингибиторы ангиотензинпревращающего фермента, блокаторы рецепторов к ангиотензину II, блокаторы кальциевых каналов, β-блокаторы) и их ФК.Результаты. Долговременное применение ЛП, направленных на снижение повышенного артериального давления и гиперхолестеринемии рассматривается как эффективная стратегия снижения сердечно-сосудистых осложнений и смертности как в первичной, так и во вторичной профилактике. В результате анализа реализации основных кардиологических препаратов в сегменте аптечной сети Самарской обл. в динамике за 5 лет выявлено, что потребление гипотензивных ЛП и статинов составляет 4,72% от общего объема реализации с преобладанием ингибиторов ангиотензинпревращающего фермента (28%) и β-блокаторов (23,5%), недостаточным потреблением ФК (23,7%) и крайне низкой реализацией статинов (7,58%).Заключение. Структура изученного сегмента фармацевтического рынка является консервативной, с недостаточной положительной динамикой потребления эффективных современных ЛП и их ФК.

Особенности назначения лекарственных препаратов пациентам с болезнями системы кровообращения в рамках федеральной программы льготного лекарственного обеспечения

Objective: to analyse of medicines prescriptions for federal beneficiaries with circulatory system diseases and to identify the main trends in the implementation of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region in 2014–2017.Material and methods. The authors reviewed the nomenclature of medicines used to treat circulatory system diseases (CSDs) and distributed to the population of the Samara Region as part of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines for the period from 2014 to 2017. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of data grouping according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results. In 2014–2017 the share of financial costs for the purchase of medicines in the total budget of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region did not exceed 6%. Still, in physical terms (in terms of the number of packages) the share of medicines of this pharmacotherapeutic group in the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines averaged about 25%. Nomenclature of medicines of the analyzed group prescribed to federal beneficiaries in 2014–2017 ranged from 90 to 107 nomenclature items. The number of international nonproprietary names (INN) decreased from 51 in 2014 to 36 in 2017. During the period under review, there was a decrease in the acquisition cost of medicines for the treatment of circulatory system diseases and the weighted average cost of one package (by 63% and 53%, respectively).Conclusion. Perindopril-containing medicines occupied the maximum consumption volumes in monetary terms. There was a decrease in the average cost of one package in 2017, which may be associated with the replacement of original medicines with generics and a concomitant reduction in the number of INN within the subgroup.Цель: анализ врачебных назначений лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) в рамках федеральной программы обеспечения необходимыми лекарственными препаратами (ОНЛП) пациентам с болезнями системы кровообращения (БСК) на территории Самарской обл. в 2014–2017 гг.Материал и методы. Проанализированы данные о номенклатуре ЛП для лечения БСК, отпущенных населению Самарской обл. в рамках программы ОНЛП за период с 2014 по 2017 г. Были использованы методы сравнительного, ретроспективного, логического, графического и контент-анализа, метод группировки данных в соответствии с принадлежностью к группам по анатомотерапевтическо-химической классификации, а также методы описательной статистики.Результаты. В течение 2014–2017 гг. доля финансовых затрат на приобретение ЛП для лечения БСК в совокупном бюджете программы ОНЛП Самарской обл. не превысила 6%, при этом в натуральном выражении на долю ЛП данной фармакотерапевтической группы в среднем приходилось около 25%. Ассортимент ЛП анализируемой группы, назначенных федеральным льготополучателям, в рассматриваемый период находился в диапазоне от 90 до 107 номенклатурных позиций. Количество международных непатентованных наименований (МНН) сократилось с 51 в 2014 г. до 36 в 2017 г. В течение указанного периода отмечено снижение расходов на приобретение ЛП для лечения БСК и средневзвешенной стоимости одной упаковки (на 63% и 53% соответственно).Заключение. Наибольшие объемы потребления в денежном выражении занимают препараты, содержащие периндоприл. Отмечено снижение средней стоимости одной упаковки ЛП в 2017 г., что может быть связано с заменой оригинальных ЛП воспроизведенными ЛП и сокращением количества МНН в пределах подгруппы

Modulation of Cardiac Contractility – a New Method in the Treatment of Heart Failure

The review analyzes new treatment for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with low ejection fraction – cardiac contractility modulation (CCM). CCM is carried out by supplying electric signals to an absolutely refractory ventricular myocardium, to elicit a positive inotropic effect without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. These effects are independent on QRS duration; consequently, the therapy might be beneficial for patients who are not candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It should be noted that the use of CCM treatment of CHF should begin only with maximum active therapy when its efficacy is not enough. It is not an alternative, but complement to the most active treatment of patients. Clinical studies primarily focused on patients with normal QRS duration because the CPT is optimal treatment of patients with prolonged QRS. The article focuses on the prerequisites for the development of the method and discusses the results obtained when evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of treatment of patients with CHF in randomized clinical trials FIX-HF-3 (n=25), FIX-HF-4 (n=164), FIX-HF-5 (n=428). The total number of patients included into these studies was 617 people. Baseline patient characteristics were similar for all 3 studies. All participants received optimal medical therapy, had a normal QRS duration. All patients were II and III functional class (by NYHA). The studies analyzed the changes in NYHA class, ejection fraction, peak oxygen consumption (VO2), the precursor of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level. Quality of life was assessed by the Minnesota questionnaire; the mortality rate was compared with that predicted by MAGGIC scale. CCM therapy had beneficial effect on the survival and quality of life in patients with CHF. However, more data is needed to assess long-term effects of the CCM therapy

Optimal Medical Therapy for Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Realities and Prospects

Combination therapy is the standard of treatment for virtually all current non-communicable diseases, primarily chronic coronary heart disease, in modern terminology - "chronic coronary syndrome" (CSS), arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus. The need for a combination of drugs increases even more with comorbidity, which is a typical situation in clinical practice. The recently accumulated material requires a review of the possibility of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary bypass surgery in prolonging the life of patients with CCS, focusing on providing optimal medical therapy (OMT) for each patient with CCS, based on long-term treatment with antiplatelet agents, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme in-hibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers. OMT aimed at preventing cardiovascular events and relieving symptoms in patients with CCS requires maximum commitment - a key factor in achieving therapeutic goals. Insufficient adherence of patients to prescribed therapy and its absence are the main barriers to increasing the survival rate of patients with cardiovascular diseases in primary and secondary prevention in the Russian Federation, as evidenced by numerous registers. The desire of the doctor to individualize treatment, which inevitably complicates the use of drugs, pushes patient adherence to treatment into the background. As a result, the patient's lack of commitment to each of the pharmaceuticals destroys the applicability of the OMT concept. A great achievement of the current stage of development of clinical cardiology and the pharmaceutical industry is the ability to offer patients optimal single pill combinations (SPC) in terms of effectiveness, tolerability, drug interactions, and ease of use. The article substantiates the prospects for a successful solution of this key problem by using a new generation of SPC components belonging to different pharmacological groups. The combination of three components (lisinopril, amlodipine and rosuvastatin), each of which has pleiotropic effects, provides a multi-targeted effect with a single dose, with the possibility of individualization of therapy, which is provided by four dosage options within this SPC

Circulation of Fungi of the Genus Candida in Children's and Adult Multi Purpose Hospitals

The aim of the work is to study the circulation of fungi of the genus Candida in children's and adult multi purpose hospitals.Materials and methods. A total of 61,226 studies of material obtained from patients in the children's hospital were performed. A positive result was registered in 27 060 cases (44.2%). In an adult hospital, 8647 samples were tested, of which 1988 (23.0%) were positive.Results and discussion. Among the representatives of the fungi of the genus Candida, C. albicans 752 strains (61.3%) were isolated in the overwhelming number of patients of the children's hospital, C. papapsilosis – 15.1%, C. famata – 11.6%, and C. glabrata – 8.0%. Other representatives of the genus were rare enough, in particular: C. krusei and C. gullermondii – 1.1%, respectively. The greatest number of fungi of the genus – was allocated from patients in the Department of Resuscitation and Intensive Care – 467 strains (38.1% of all the fungi isolated), 186 strains (15.2%) in the Otorhinolaryngological department, 87 out of 87 (7.1%), in the Departments of Planned Surgery and Urology – 86 (7.0%), Surgical Intensive Care Unit – 72 (5.9%), in The Department of Infectious Diseases with Surgical Pathology – 65 (5.3%). C. albicans was sown both in monoculture – 47.4%, and in associations – 52.6%. Other representatives of fungi were also approximately equally found in mono- and in microcultures. In the children's multi purpose hospital, 11 species of Candida fungi with a predominance of C. albicans circulated. In the adult multi purpose hospital for two years was isolated from the patients 137 cultures of Candida fungi.Conclusions. The probability of isolating fungi from a locus is determined by the profile of the Department, as well as by the primary pathology with which patients entered the hospital. In both children's and adult hospitals, the most common Candida fungi have been isolated from the Department of Resuscitation and Intensive Care patients mainly from sputum and urine, less often from blood, separated wounds, abdominal cavity and from cerebrospinal fluid (only in children). Against the background of a wide circulation of fungi in the hospital, colonization of patients is possible with the subsequent development of the infectious process, mainly in people at risk