Characteristics and Mobile Phone Use Patterns of Children in 2008 to 2010, Korea, the CHEER study.

<p>CHEER, Children’s Health and Environmental Health Research, ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 1 USD equals approximately 1,084.5 KRW as of 8/9/2011.</p>*<p>Among children who owned a mobile phone.</p

Changes in ADHD symptoms according to the change in mobile phone use for voice calls and playing game over 2 years.

<p>Numbers in parentheses are the number of subjects in the corresponding group.</p

Number of children participating in the CHEER study by survey years.

<p>Of 2,516 children at baseline in 2008 and 2010 shown as the dotted lined box, 2,422 were included after excluding children with incomplete questionnaire responses on mobile phone use or a lack of blood lead measurements in 2008 and 2010.</p

Association Between Mobile Phone Use and ADHD in Children Stratified by the Blood Lead Level in 2008 and 2010, Korea, the CHEER study.

<p>CHEER, Children’s Health and Environmental Health Research, ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.</p><p>Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the generalized estimating equation model adjusted for age, gender, number of siblings, area, household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child’s history of neuropsychiatric illness, parental marital status, and parental history of neuropsychiatric disease as time-independent covariates.</p><p>p-trend calculated using the ordinal scale of the variable in the corresponding model.</p><p>The cut-off point of the high and low groups was the upper 25 percentile of the distribution of the higher between two blood lead levels in 2008 and 2010.</p><p>p for multiplicative interaction between blood lead level (high vs. low) and time-varying variables of mobile phone use as a continuous scale.</p>*<p>Among children who owned a mobile phone.</p

Simultaneous Model of Mobile Phone Use Variables Associated with ADHD in Children Stratified by the Blood Lead Level, 2008–2010, Korea, the CHEER study.

<p>CHEER, Children’s Health and Environmental Health Research, ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.</p><p>Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals estimated using the generalized estimating equation model including three mobile phone use variables and simultaneously adjusted for age, gender, number of siblings, area, household income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child’s history of neuropsychiatric illness, and parental marital status as time-independent covariates.</p><p>p-trend calculated using the ordinal scale of the variable in the corresponding model.</p><p>The cut-off point of the high and low groups was the upper 25 percentile of the distribution of the higher levels between two blood lead levels in 2008 and 2010.</p><p>p for multiplicative interaction between blood lead level (high vs. low) and time-varying variables of mobile phone use as a continuous scale.</p>*<p>Among children who owned a mobile phone.</p

Growth factor expression in RF-exposed hDPCs.

<p>All samples were isolated from human HF tissues from different individuals. Total RNA from DPCs was prepared after 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 10 W/kg SAR for 3 h. mRNA expression levels of VEGF, IGF-1, HGF, and TGF-β1 were measured by real-time PCR (A). Results are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE). Cells were lysed immediately after 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 10 W/kg SAR for 3 h and analyzed by Western blotting against BCL-2, BAX, pMAPK, MAPK and β-Actin (B).</p

Elongation of hair shaft induced by RF exposure in <i>ex vivo</i> hair organ culture.

<p>Dissected human scalp HFs were exposed to RF radiation for 1 h everyday with 10 W/kg SAR over a period of 7 days. Hair shafts were cultured <i>ex vivo</i> and elongation measured for the indicated periods (A). A total of 90 anagen HFs from three different volunteers (30 follicles per subject) were cultured (B). **P<0.01 versus non-irradiated control. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. Scale bar represents 1 mm.</p

IGF-1 expression in various conditions.

<p>hDPCs were exposed to RF radiation at an SAR of 10 W/kg for 1 h and mRNA expression levels of VEGF, IGF-1, HGF, and TGF-β1 were measured by real-time PCR (A). We also exposed hDPCs to 1,763 MHz RF radiation at 2 W/kg for 1 h to measure the induction of IGF-1 mRNA (B). Under the same conditions of RF exposure, we irradiated NIH3T3, C2C12, OSE-80PC, and HeLa cells and measured IGF-1 mRNA (C). The cell cycle distributions of sham and RF-exposed hDPCs were also measured by PI staining and FACS analysis (D). Analysis of cell cycle distribution showed no significant difference between two samples in three repetitive experiments. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. *P<0.05 versus non-irradiated control.</p