14 research outputs found
The values of various diffusive behaviors of sPH-AP-QDs analyzed in this study.
<p>Actin, actin cytoskeleton disrupted; Microtubule, microtubule disrupted; Gly-SP, Glycine-induced synaptic potentiation; NMDA-SD, NMDA-induced synaptic depression; D<sub>synapse</sub>, diffusion coefficient at synapses; D<sub>ex-synapse</sub>, diffusion coefficient at extrasynapses; All values are mean ± s.e. *p<0.01, paired <i>t</i>-test.</p
Single QD tracking of synaptic vesicles using sPH-AP-QDs.
<p>(<b>A</b>) Hippocampal neurons were co-transfected with sPH-AP and Bir-ER at DIV 12, and labeled with 1 nM streptavidin-conjugated-QD at DIV17. Blue color: the functional presynaptic terminals were identified by sPH fluorescence change (ΔF). Scale bar, 20 µm. (<b>B</b>) Example of sPH-AP-QDs (red) trafficking along the axon (green). Arrows: sPH-AP-QDs trafficking between synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments, arrowheads: sPH-AP-QDs at presynaptic terminals. asterisks: functional presynaptic terminals (blue). Scale Bar, 2.5 µm. (<b>C</b>) Instantaneous displacement change of the moving sPH-AP-QD marked by the arrow in (<b>B</b>) from its initial location (displacement = 0) along the axon during recording sequence. The <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> coordinates of QD trajectory at each time point in time-lapse images were obtained using MetaMorph track object function and the displacement from the origin to the QD trajectory at each time point was calculated and plotted. The graph parallel to <i>y</i> axis means no movement. The upper lines denote the frames in which the sPH-AP-QD is at extrasynaptic areas (gray) and synapses (red and shaded areas). (<b>D</b>) MSD versus time, calculated for a continuous sequence of images, which show the synaptic motion (red) and extrasynaptic motion (blue). Inset represents average diffusion coefficient of sPH-AP-QDs at synapses (red) and at extrasynapses (blue).</p
Aspartic Acid-Assisted Synthesis of Multifunctional Strontium-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Microspheres
Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite
(SrHAP) microspheres with
three-dimensional (3D) structures were successfully prepared via hydrothermal
method using self-assembled polyÂ(aspartic acid) (PASP) as a template.
By controlling various parameters, including hydrothermal reaction
time, amount of l-aspartic acid (l-Asp), and ratio
of Sr ions, we were able to investigate the influences of the additive l-Asp on morphology and properties of final products as well
as the role of self-assembled PASP template on the formation of HAP
microspheres. The change in the amount of Sr substitution significantly
affected the particle size, morphology, and concurrent surface area.
This difference caused variation in the drug-release properties. In
addition, substitution of Sr ions into Ca ion sites affected luminescence
of HAP powders. Particularly, multifunctional SrHAP with molar ratios
(Sr/[Ca+Sr]) of 0.25 possessed the strongest luminescence as well
as superior drug-loading and sustained-releasing properties. These
properties were associated with large surface area and large pore
size of the SrHAP. This study suggests that the optical and structural
properties of the HAP particles can be carefully tuned by controlling
the amount of Sr ions doped into HAP particles during synthesis. This
work provides new opportunities to synthesize HAP particles suitable
for diverse applications including bone regeneration and drug delivery
Direct Low-Temperature Growth of Single-Crystalline Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanorod Arrays on Transparent Conducting Oxide Substrates for Use in PbS Quantum-Dot Solar Cells
We report on the direct growth of
anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanorod
arrays (A-NRs) on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates that
can be directly applied to various photovoltaic devices via a seed
layer mediated epitaxial growth using a facile low-temperature hydrothermal
method. We found that the crystallinity of the seed layer and the
addition of an amine functional group play crucial roles in the A-NR
growth process. The A-NRs exhibit a pure anatase phase with a high
crystallinity and preferred growth orientation in the [001] direction.
Importantly, for depleted heterojunction solar cells (TiO<sub>2</sub>/PbS), the A-NRs improve both electron transport and injection properties,
thereby largely increasing the short-circuit current density and doubling
their efficiency compared to TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle-based solar
cells
BiVO<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub>/SnO<sub>2</sub> Double-Heterojunction Photoanode with Enhanced Charge Separation and Visible-Transparency for Bias-Free Solar Water-Splitting with a Perovskite Solar Cell
Coupling dissimilar
oxides in heterostructures allows the engineering of interfacial,
optical, charge separation/transport and transfer properties of photoanodes
for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Here, we demonstrate
a double-heterojunction concept based on a BiVO<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub>/SnO<sub>2</sub> triple-layer planar heterojunction (TPH)
photoanode, which shows simultaneous improvements in the charge transport
(∼93% at 1.23 V vs RHE) and transmittance at longer wavelengths
(>500 nm). The TPH photoanode was prepared by a facile solution
method: a porous SnO<sub>2</sub> film was first deposited on a fluorine-doped
tin oxide (FTO)/glass substrate followed by WO<sub>3</sub> deposition,
leading to the formation of a double layer of dense WO<sub>3</sub> and a WO<sub>3</sub>/SnO<sub>2</sub> mixture at the bottom. Subsequently,
a BiVO<sub>4</sub> nanoparticle film was deposited by spin coating.
Importantly, the WO<sub>3</sub>/(WO<sub>3</sub>+SnO<sub>2</sub>) composite
bottom layer forms a disordered heterojunction, enabling intimate
contact, lower interfacial resistance, and efficient charge transport/transfer.
In addition, the top BiVO<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> heterojunction layer improves light absorption
and charge separation. The resultant TPH photoanode shows greatly
improved internal quantum efficiency (∼80%) and PEC water oxidation
performance (∼3.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.23 V vs RHE) compared
to the previously reported BiVO<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> photoanodes.
The PEC performance was further improved by a reactive-ion etching
treatment and CoO<sub><i>x</i></sub> electrocatalyst deposition.
Finally, we demonstrated a bias-free and stable solar water-splitting
by constructing a tandem PEC device with a perovskite solar cell (STH
∼3.5%)
Indium–Tin–Oxide Nanowire Array Based CdSe/CdS/TiO<sub>2</sub> One-Dimensional Heterojunction Photoelectrode for Enhanced Solar Hydrogen Production
For photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen
production, low charge
transport efficiency of a photoelectrode is one of the key factors
that largely limit PEC performance enhancement. Here, we report a
tin-doped indium oxide (In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Sn, ITO) nanowire
array (NWs) based CdSe/CdS/TiO<sub>2</sub> multishelled heterojunction
photoelectrode. This multishelled one-dimensional (1D) heterojunction
photoelectrode shows superior charge transport efficiency due to the
negligible carrier recombination in ITO NWs, leading to a greatly
improved photocurrent density (∼16.2 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 1.0
V vs RHE). The ITO NWs with an average thickness of ∼12 μm
are first grown on commercial ITO/glass substrate by a vapor–liquid–solid
method. Subsequently, the TiO<sub>2</sub> and CdSe/CdS shell layers
are deposited by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) and a chemical bath
deposition method, respectively. The resultant CdSe/CdS/TiO<sub>2</sub>/ITO NWs photoelectrode, compared to a planar structure with the
same configuration, shows improved light absorption and much faster
charge transport properties. More importantly, even though the CdSe/CdS/TiO<sub>2</sub>/ITO NWs photoelectrode has lower CdSe/CdS loading (i.e.,
due to its lower surface area) than the mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle based photoelectrode, it shows 2.4 times higher saturation
photocurrent density, which is attributed to the superior charge transport
and better light absorption by the 1D ITO NWs
Observation of Enhanced Hole Extraction in Br Concentration Gradient Perovskite Materials
Enhancing hole extraction inside
the perovskite layer is the key factor for boosting photovoltaic performance.
Realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials
has been expected to exhibit rapid hole extraction due to the precise
bandgap tuning. Moreover, a formation of Br-rich region on the tri-iodide
perovskite layer is expected to enhance moisture stability without
a loss of current density. However, conventional synthetic techniques
of perovskite materials such as the solution process have not achieved
the realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials.
In this report, we demonstrate the fabrication of Br concentration
gradient mixed halide perovskite materials using a novel and facile
halide conversion method based on vaporized hydrobromic acid. Accelerated
hole extraction and enhanced lifetime due to Br gradient was verified
by observing photoluminescence properties. Through the combination
of secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy
with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the diffusion
behavior of Br ions in perovskite materials was investigated. The
Br-gradient was found to be eventually converted into a homogeneous
mixed halide layer after undergoing an intermixing process. Br-substituted
perovskite solar cells exhibited a power conversion efficiency of
18.94% due to an increase in open circuit voltage from 1.08 to 1.11
V and an advance in fill-factor from 0.71 to 0.74. Long-term stability
was also dramatically enhanced after the conversion process, i.e.,
the power conversion efficiency of the post-treated device has remained
over 97% of the initial value under high humid conditions (40–90%)
without any encapsulation for 4 weeks
Phase-Pure FeSe<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 1, 2) Nanoparticles with One- and Two-Photon Luminescence
Iron
chalcogenides hold considerable promise for energy conversion
and biomedical applications. Realization of this promise has been
hindered by the lack of control over the crystallinity and nanoscale
organization of iron chalcogenide films. High-quality nanoparticles
(NPs) from these semiconductors will afford further studies of photophysical
processes in them. Phase-pure NPs from these semiconductors can also
serve as building blocks for mesoscale iron chalcogenide assemblies.
Herein we report a synthetic method for FeSe<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 1, 2) NPs with a diameter of ca. 30
nm that satisfy these needs. The high crystallinity of the individual
NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive
X-ray analysis. TEM tomography images suggest pucklike NP shapes that
can be rationalized by bond relaxation at the NP edges, as demonstrated
in large-scale atomic models. The prepared FeSe<sub><i>x</i></sub> NPs display strong photoluminescence with a quantum yield
of 20%, which was previously unattainable for iron chalcogenides.
Moreover, they also show strong off-resonant luminescence due to two-photon
absorption, which should be valuable for biological applications
Efficient Carrier Separation and Intriguing Switching of Bound Charges in Inorganic–Organic Lead Halide Solar Cells
We fabricated a mesoporous perovskite
solar cell with a ∼14%
conversion efficiency, and we investigated its beneficial grain boundary
properties of the perovskite solar cells through the use of scanning
probe microscopy. The CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbÂ(I<sub>0.88</sub>,Br<sub>0.12</sub>)<sub>3</sub> showed a significant potential barrier
bending at the grain boundary and induced passivation. The potential
difference value in the <i>x</i> = 0.00 sample is ∼50
mV, and the distribution of the positive potential is lower than that
of the <i>x</i> = 0.12 sample. We also investigated the
polarization and hysteretic properties of the perovskite thin films
by measuring the local piezoresponse. Specifically, the charged grain
boundaries play a beneficial role in electron–hole depairing
and in suppressing recombination in order to realize high-efficiency
perovskite solar cells
Reduced Graphene Oxide/Mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanocomposite Based Perovskite Solar Cells
We report on reduced graphene oxide
(rGO)/mesoporous (mp)-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite based mesostructured
perovskite solar cells that show an improved electron transport property
owing to the reduced interfacial resistance. The amount of rGO added
to the TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles electron transport layer was
optimized, and their impacts on film resistivity, electron diffusion,
recombination time, and photovoltaic performance were investigated.
The rGO/mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite film reduces interfacial
resistance when compared to the mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> film, and hence,
it improves charge collection efficiency. This effect significantly
increases the short circuit current density and open circuit voltage.
The rGO/mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite film with an optimal rGO
content of 0.4 vol % shows 18% higher photon conversion efficiency
compared with the TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles based perovskite solar
cells