The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents

<div><p>Objective</p><p>This study was designed to investigate the revised and short version of the smartphone addiction scale and the proof of its validity in adolescents. In addition, it suggested cutting off the values by gender in order to determine smartphone addiction and elaborate the characteristics of smartphone usage in adolescents.</p><p>Method</p><p>A set of questionnaires were provided to a total of 540 selected participants from April to May of 2013. The participants consisted of 343 boys and 197 girls, and their average age was 14.5 years old. The content validity was performed on a selection of shortened items, while an internal-consistency test was conducted for the verification of its reliability. The concurrent validity was confirmed using SAS, SAPS and KS-scale. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was conducted to suggest cut-off.</p><p>Results</p><p>The 10 final questions were selected using content validity. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.911. The SAS-SV was significantly correlated with the SAS, SAPS and KS-scale. The SAS-SV scores of gender (p<.001) and self-evaluation of smartphone addiction (p<.001) showed significant difference. The ROC analysis results showed an area under a curve (AUC) value of 0.963(0.888–1.000), a cut-off value of 31, sensitivity value of 0.867 and specificity value of 0.893 in boys while an AUC value of 0.947(0.887–1.000), a cut-off value of 33, sensitivity value of 0.875, and a specificity value of 0.886 in girls.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The SAS-SV showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction. The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was developed and validated in this study, could be used efficiently for the evaluation of smartphone addiction in community and research areas.</p></div

Data_Sheet_1_Discriminating Pathological and Non-pathological Internet Gamers Using Sparse Neuroanatomical Features.pdf

<p>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is often diagnosed on the basis of nine underlying criteria from the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Here, we examined whether such symptom-based categorization could be translated into computation-based classification. Structural MRI (sMRI) and diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) data were acquired in 38 gamers diagnosed with IGD, 68 normal gamers diagnosed as not having IGD, and 37 healthy non-gamers. We generated 108 features of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) structure from the MRI data. When regularized logistic regression was applied to the 108 neuroanatomical features to select important ones for the distinction between the groups, the disordered and normal gamers were represented in terms of 43 and 21 features, respectively, in relation to the healthy non-gamers, whereas the disordered gamers were represented in terms of 11 features in relation to the normal gamers. In support vector machines (SVM) using the sparse neuroanatomical features as predictors, the disordered and normal gamers were discriminated successfully, with accuracy exceeding 98%, from the healthy non-gamers, but the classification between the disordered and normal gamers was relatively challenging. These findings suggest that pathological and non-pathological gamers as categorized with the criteria from the DSM-5 could be represented by sparse neuroanatomical features, especially in the context of discriminating those from non-gaming healthy individuals.</p

Reliability for SAS-SV.

<p>Overall alpha = .911; Scale Mean = 25.26; SD = 10.78.</p

Concurrent validity of SAS-SV.

<p>SAPS: Kim's Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale.</p><p><i>p</i><.001.</p

Socio-demographic characteristics and SAS-SV scores.

<p>^{a, b} : Scheffé test (the means with the same letter were significantly different).</p

Content Validity Index of SAS.

<p>I-CVI, item-level content validity index.</p><p>S-CVI/UA, scale-level content validity index, universal agreement calculation method.</p

Additional file 1: of Urinothorax after ultrasonography-guided renal biopsy: a case report

Figure S1. Retrograde pyelography (RGP) showing urine leakage from lower pole of kidney. (TIF 110 kb

MOESM1 of An association study of Taq1A ANKK1 and C957T and − 141C DRD2 polymorphisms in adults with internet gaming disorder: a pilot study

Additional file 1. Scatter plot with regression line of results of ANCOVA

MOESM1 of An association study of Taq1A ANKK1 and C957T and − 141C DRD2 polymorphisms in adults with internet gaming disorder: a pilot study

Additional file 1. Scatter plot with regression line of results of ANCOVA

Oxidation Resistance of Iron and Copper Foils Coated with Reduced Graphene Oxide Multilayers

Protecting the surface of metals such as Fe and Cu from oxidizing is of great importance due to their widespread use. Here, oxidation resistance of Fe and Cu foils was achieved by coating them with reduced graphene oxide (rG-O) sheets. The rG-O-coated Fe and Cu foils were prepared by transferring rG-O multilayers from a SiO₂ substrate onto them. The oxidation resistance of these rG-O-coated metal foils was investigated by Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy after heat treatment at 200 °C in air for 2 h. The bare metal surfaces were severely oxidized, but the rG-O-coated metal surfaces were protected from oxidation. This simple solution process using rG-O is one advantage of the present study