Modulation of gene expression by estrogen and protein kinase activators in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

My thesis research involved studying hormonal modulation of gene expression in three different cases in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, which contain high levels of estrogen receptor and low levels of progesterone receptor.Regulation of the pS2 gene was no longer stimulated by estradiol (E\sb2) in the E\sb2 growth-independent MCF-7 cell subline (MCF-7 K3) while expression of the pS2 gene was under the direct control of estrogen in the E\sb2 growth-dependent MCF-7 subline (MCF-7 k1). In contrast, progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER) retained normal patterns of regulation by E\sb2. This altered regulation of the pS2 gene is probably not caused either by a defect of the ER or by changes in trans-acting factors in the MCF-7 K3 subline.Although PR is known to be primarily up-regulated by E\sb2, alternate signal transduction pathways also increased cellular PR content in MCF-7 cells. Increases in PR protein levels by insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) were not accompanied by PR mRNA stimulation while PR mRNA levels were markedly induced by E\sb2 and protein kinase A activator. The increase in PR mRNA by protein kinase A activator was almost completely abolished by treatment with antiestrogen and required ongoing protein synthesis. I also found that serum factor(s) actively interfere with the action of cAMP on regulation of PR. Hence, multihormonal regulation of PR may explain the existence of receptor phenotypes in breast cancer that are ER-negative and PR-positive.Activators of protein kinase A and C markedly synergized with E\sb2 in ER-mediated transcriptional activation in MCF-7 cells. This synergistic stimulation most likely does not come from changes in cellular ER content or changes in binding affinity of ER for ligand or DNA, but rather may be a consequence of a stabilization of the interaction of ER with target components of the transcriptional machinery. Protein kinase C activator showed cell- and promoter-specific effects on ER-mediated transcriptional activation.U of I OnlyETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permissio

Mitofusin 1 is degraded at G₂/M phase through ubiquitylation by MARCH5

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mitochondria exhibit a dynamic morphology in cells and their biogenesis and function are integrated with the nuclear cell cycle. In mitotic cells, the filamentous network structure of mitochondria takes on a fragmented form. To date, however, whether mitochondrial fusion activity is regulated in mitosis has yet to be elucidated.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Here, we report that mitochondria were found to be fragmented in G₂ phase prior to mitotic entry. Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), a mitochondrial fusion protein, interacted with cyclin B1, and their interactions became stronger in G₂/M phase. In addition, MARCH5, a mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase, reduced Mfn1 levels and the MARCH5-mediated Mfn1 ubiquitylation were enhanced in G₂/M phase.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Mfn1 is degraded through the MARCH5-mediated ubiquitylation in G₂/M phase and the cell cycle-dependent degradation of Mfn1 could be facilitated by interaction with cyclin B1/Cdk1 complexes.</p

Pathogenic Mechanism of a Highly Virulent Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Head Kidney of Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> <i>mykiss</i>) Analyzed by RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiling

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a pathogen that causes high rates of mortality in salmonid fishes. Therefore, an RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis was performed in the head kidney of rainbow trout infected with a highly virulent IHNV strain to understand the pathogenesis of and defense strategies for IHNV infection in rainbow trout. The results showed that the numbers of DEGs were 618, 2626, and 774 (control vs. IHNV) on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) annotations to classify DEGs showed that GO terms considerably associated with DEGs were gluconeogenesis, inflammatory response, and cell adhesion in the Biological Process (BP) category, apical plasma membrane, extracellular matrix (ECM) in the Cellular Component category, and transporter activity, integrin binding, and protein homodimerization activity in the Molecular Function category, on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Notably, GO terms in the BP category, including the negative regulation of type I interferon production and positive regulation of interleukin-1β secretion, were commonly identified at all time points. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, complement and coagulation cascades were commonly identified at all time points. Importantly, the widely recognized GO terms and KEGG pathways extensively linked to DEGs were related to energy metabolism on day 1, the immune response on day 3, and cell proliferation on day 5. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction networks and centrality analysis showed that the metabolism and signaling transduction pathways were majorly upregulated. Conclusively, the virulent IHNV infection drives pathogenesis by activating the metabolic energy pathway for energy use for viral replication, facilitating necrosis through autophagy, and causing a shutoff response of the host immune system through the downregulation of type I IFN at the initial stage of infection

Presence of autocrine hepatocyte growth factor-Met signaling and its role in proliferation and migration of SNU-484 gastric cancer cell line

Autocrine stimulation via coexpression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (Met) has been reported in many human sarcomas, but few in carcinomas. In this report, we found that one gastric cancer cell line, SNU-484, among 11 gastric cell lines tested has an autocrine HGF- Met stimulation. RT-PCR, ELISA and scattering assay using MDCK cells revealed that SNU-484 cells secreted a significant amount of active HGF (about 1.25 +/- 0.41 ng/24 h/10(6) cells) into conditioned medium. Resultantly, Met in this cell line was constitutively phosphorylated. Neutralizing antibodies against HGF reduced the tyrosine phosphorylation of Met, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration (P <0.005). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on autocrine HGF-Met signaling in a gastric cancer cell line. Our observations with SNU-484 cells suggest that HGF is involved in the development and/or progression of some gastric carcinoma through an autocrine mechanism

Loss of MARCH5 mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase induces cellular senescence through dynamin-related protein 1 and mitofusin 1

Mitochondria constantly divide and combine through fission and fusion activities. MARCH5, a mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a molecule that binds mitochondrial fission 1 protein (hFis1), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), key proteins in the control of mitochondrial fission and fusion. However, how these interactions control mitochondrial dynamics, and cellular function has remained obscure. Here, we show that shRNA-mediated MARCH5 knockdown promoted the accumulation of highly interconnected and elongated mitochondria. Cells transfected with MARCH5 shRNA or a MARCH5 RING domain mutant displayed cellular enlargement and flattening accompanied by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, indicating that these cells had undergone cellular senescence. Notably, a significant increase in Mfn1 level, but not Mfn2, Drp1 or hFis1 levels, was observed in MARCH5-depleted cells, indicating that Mfn1 is a major ubiquitylation substrate. Introduction of Mfn1T109A, a GTPase-deficient mutant form of Mfn1, into MARCH5-RNAi cells not only disrupted mitochondrial elongation, but also abolished the increase in SA-β-Gal activity. Moreover, the aberrant mitochondrial phenotypes in MARCH5-RNAi cells were reversed by ectopic expression of Drp1, but not by hFis1, and reversion of the mitochondria morphology in MARCH5-depleted cells was accompanied by a reduction in SA-β-Gal activity. Collectively, our data indicate that the lack of MARCH5 results in mitochondrial elongation, which promotes cellular senescence by blocking Drp1 activity and/or promoting accumulation of Mfn1 at the mitochondria

<i>Streptomyces</i> as Microbial Chassis for Heterologous Protein Expression

Heterologous production of recombinant proteins is gaining increasing interest in biotechnology with respect to productivity, scalability, and wide applicability. The members of genus Streptomyces have been proposed as remarkable hosts for heterologous production due to their versatile nature of expressing various secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and secretory enzymes. However, there are several issues that limit their use, including low yield, difficulty in genetic manipulation, and their complex cellular features. In this review, we summarize rational engineering approaches to optimizing the heterologous production of secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins in Streptomyces species in terms of genetic tool development and chassis construction. Further perspectives on the development of optimal Streptomyces chassis by the design-build-test-learn cycle in systems are suggested, which may increase the availability of secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins