3,808 research outputs found
Digital sketchpad: A Portable scetching device
The thesis discusses the problems of sketching on paper and in using existing products that are currently on the market for hand drawing. A new display technology, electronic paper display, is introduce
Current-Induced Resonant Motion of a Magnetic Vortex Core: Effect of Nonadiabatic Spin Torque
The current-induced resonant excitation of a magnetic vortex core is
investigated by means of analytical and micromagnetic calculations. We find
that the radius and the phase shift of the resonant motion are not correctly
described by the analytical equations because of the dynamic distortion of a
vortex core. In contrast, the initial tilting angle of a vortex core is free
from the distortion and determined by the nonadiabaticity of the spin torque.
It is insensitive to experimentally uncontrollable current-induced in-plane
Oersted field. We propose that a time-resolved imaging of the very initial
trajectory of a core is essential to experimentally estimate the
nonadiabaticity.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Emerging roles of desumoylating enzymes
AbstractPosttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) controls diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, and signal transduction pathway. Sumoylation is a highly dynamic process that is reversed by a family of Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Thus, desumoylation process must be important for regulation of the fate and function of SUMO-conjugated proteins as well as SUMOylation process. SENPs catalyze the removal of SUMO from SUMO-conjugated target proteins as well as the cleavage of SUMO from its precursor proteins. Since the first report of yeast desumoylating enzymes, many studies have revealed the structural and cellular biological properties of SENP family. This review focuses on the specificity of the SENPs' catalytic activities with regard to SUMO isoforms and their emerging roles as cellular regulators
Anti-anxiety effect of methanol extract of Pericarpium zanthoxyli using a strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor model
Purpose: To determine if the methanol extract of Pericarpium zanthoxyli exerts anti-anxiety effects and also to explore any probable anti-anxiety mechanism in vivo.Methods: The staircase test, elevated plus maze test, rota-rod treadmill test and convulsions induced by strychnine and picrotoxin on mice were tested to identify potential mechanism of anti-anxiety activity of the plant extract.Results: The plant extract (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced rearing numbers in the staircase test while it increased the time spent in the open arms as well as the number of entries to the open arms in the elevated plus maze test, suggesting that it has significant anti-anxiety activity. Furthermore, the extract inhibited strychnine-induced convulsion. However, it had little effect on picrotoxin-induced convulsion, suggesting that its anti-anxiety activity may be linked to strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor and not GABA receptor.Conclusion: These results suggest that the Pericarpium zanthoxyli extract may be beneficial for the control of anxiety.Keywords: Anti-anxiety, Pericarpium zanthoxyli, Glycine Receptor, GABA Recepto
Galatheoid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from Korean waters
Abstract Ten species of Galatheoidea (squat lobsters), belonging to two families, were collected in the Korean exclusive economic zone: Galathea balssi Miyake and Baba, 1964, Galathea orientalis Stimpson, 1858, Galathea pubescens Stimpson, 1858, and Galathea rubromaculata Miyake and Baba, 1967 belonging to Galatheidae; Bathymunida brevirostris Yokoya, 1933, Cervimunida princeps Benedict, 1902, Munida caesura Macpherson and Baba, 1993, Munida japonica Stimpson, 1858, Munida pherusa Macpherson and Baba, 1993, and Paramunida scabra (Henderson, 1885) belonging to Munididae. The present study comprises the morphological description of these ten species, including drawings and color photographs, a brief review of their regional records, and a key for their identification. Although all species are common in Japanese waters, G. balssi, G. rubromaculata, B. brevirostris, C. princeps, M. caesura, and M. pherusa are new to Korean marine fauna
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ์งํ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ, 2017. 2. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ง.์๋ฏผ์ง ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ํด ์กฐ์ฑ๋ ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ด ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํจ์๋ผ๋ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ ๋น๋กฏํด, ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ์งํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ ์ง๊ธ๊ป ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ด ์กฐ์ฑ๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐํํ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๋งน์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ฒด์ ์์๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ์์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ํค์๋๋ก ๊ทผ๋ ๊ณผํ์ ํ์์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ญ์ฌ์์ ๋๋๋ฌ์ง ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
2์ฅ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ง์ ์ด์ธ 13์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ 15์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ณธ์ดํ๊ณผ ํฅ์ฝ(้่ฅ)์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ ์์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์ฝ์ด์์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ง์๋ ์ฑ๋ฆฌํ์ ์์ฐ๊ด์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ํฅ์ฝ๋ก ์ด ๋๋ํ๋ฉด์ ํ ์ฐ ์ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํด ์ฝํฌ(่ฅๅ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊พธ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์ ์ด์์ ํต์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋์๋ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ ํฅ์ฝ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์ ๋ ์ํ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ฝ์ด์ ํ๋ณดยท์ฆ์ยทํ ์ฐํ ๋ฑ์ ์ํ ์ข
์ฝ์ (็จฎ่ฅ็ฐ)์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฃ ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ข
์ฝ์ ์ ํตํด ์์ฝํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ, ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์ธ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ผ์ด๋ ํ ์ฐ ์ฝ์ด์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๊ถ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํด 15์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ ํ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ฆฝ ์ฝ์ด์์ด ์ด์๋๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
3์ฅ์์๋ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ์ธ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ณํ ์์์ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ์ด์น๋ฅผ ํ๊ตฌํด ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒฉ๋ฌผ์น์ง(ๆ ผ็ฉ่ด็ฅ)๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ํ๋ฌธ ํ๋๋ก ์ธ์๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ๋ชฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ฒฝ(็) ์์ฐฌ๋ก ์ ๋ณ๊ณ , ์์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํํ์๋ค. ์ ์๊ณผ ์์ ๋ฌธํ์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋๋ฐ, ์๋ก์ด ํํผ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐํ์ด์ด ์ ํธ์ ์์ง ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ํํผ ๊ณ ์ฆยท๊ด์ฐฐยท๋ช
๋ช
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝํฅ๋ ์ฟ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ ํํผ ์์ง๊ณผ ํ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ์ญํ ์ ๋ดํฌํ๊ณ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
4์ฅ์์๋ ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ์ธ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ ๊ต์ก์ด ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์๋์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํ์ฑ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ฌํ ๊ฐํ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฐํ(้ๅ)์ฌ์์ ๋ฌธ๋ช
๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์ ๋์
์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์์ ํตํด ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ ๊ต์ก์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๊ฐ์ข
๊ทผ๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์
๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ ์
๊ฒฝ๋ก ์ญ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฌ์ ๋จ๊ณผ ์ ํ์ ๋ฑ ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ง์์ธ๋ค์ด ํด์ธ ์ ์์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ ์, ํน์ฑ, ์ญํ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ธ์ํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ํ๋์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ ์ด๋ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋์
๋์ด ๋
ผ์๋๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ ์ ์๋ค.
5์ฅ์์๋ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด ์๋ฌผ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ ์ฌ๋ช
๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์๋ฏผ์ง ์๋ฌผ์, ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๊ณผํ ํ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ํ๋ฐฉํ์ผ๋ ๋น์ ์๋ฌผํ๊ณ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก์ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ์์ ์คํ๋ ค ํยท์ผ ์๊ตญ์์ ์ ์น์ ํน์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ๋ชฝ๋ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ผฐ๋ ์ทจ๋ฏธ ๋ด๋ก ์ ์ถํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํด ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ด ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์ค์ ๊ต์ ์๋ฏผ(ํน์ ์ ๋ฏผ)์ผ๋ก ์์ฑํ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์๋์ด์ผ ํ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ์งํ์ ๋ํด ๋ด๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์จ์์ด ์นํธ๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์๋ฌผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ์ธ๋์ง ์์ผ๋, ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ข
์ฝ์ ์์ ์ฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์์งํ ์ฌ์ค์ด ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฌผ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ฟ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์ผ๋, ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์์ ์ฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ด์์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์์งํ ์์์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ์ ํ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฌผ์์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๊ฐ ์ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ธ ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ , ๋น๋ก ๋ด๋ก ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ผ๋ ์ด๋ ์๋ฌผ์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฝ์ด์์ผ๋ก์, ํํผ ํ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ผ๋ก์, ํน์ ๋ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ด๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ๋์ ์กฐ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์งํํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ค. ์ข
์ฝ์ , ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์, ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๋
ผ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์กฐ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์๋ก ๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์งํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ถ์ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ถค์ ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ข
์ฝ์ , ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์, ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ง์์ธ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ๋ก, ์ฐฝ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ผ๋ก์ ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํ์์ ๋ํ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํตํด ์ด๋ค์ด ์ค๋๋ ์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์์ ์กด์ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ด๋ค. ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ง์์ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ํ์ฐ์ํค๋ ๋ฐํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ชจ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์
ํ ์๋ก์ด ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ , ์๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ต์์ ์๋ ์๋จ์ด์๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋งํด, ํ๊ตญ ์๋ฌผ์์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฌผ์์ด ๋ ๋์ ์ถ์ ํฅํ ํ๋ซํผ(platform)์ด๋ผ๋ ์กด์ฌ์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด๋ณด์ธ ๊ถค์ ์ด์๋ค.There has been no historical study on the origin and development of Korean botanical gardens until now, although there have been criticisms of the viewpoint that acknowledges the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden, which was established during the Japanese colonial period, as the first botanical garden of Korea. Thus, in an effort to examine the background of the birth of Korean botanical gardens and its significance, this paper studies the botanical gardens that existed before the founding of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden. Particular attention is given to the birth of modern science in tracing the root of botanical gardens. The history of botanical gardens is examined, while an analysis of the four periods that saw significant changes in Koreas history of botany is also provided in this paper.
The attributes of physic gardens that emerged with the increase in interest in herbal medicine study and hyangyak (้่ฅ, native herbs) between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries at the end of the Goryeo dynasty and the beginning of the Joseon dynasty are studied in chapter 2. At the end of the Goryeo dynasty, finding native herbs and creating yakpo (่ฅๅ, kitchen garden for medicinal herbs) became popular with the rise of the hyangyak theory, which was influenced by the Neo-Confucianist view of nature. Hyangyak policy and system was put in place as medical service became essential for government administration at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty. Jong-yakjeon (็จฎ่ฅ็ฐ), a medical facility, was part of the system that was established for the collection, production and localization of herbs. Thus, it may be said that the development of the study of medicine and pharmacy, a new understanding of geography, increase in the interest in local herbs, and royal authority contributed to the establishment of a physic garden in Korea around the fifteenth century.
Gardening culture which developed with the rise of natural history that prevailed at the end of the Joseon dynasty in the late eighteenth century is analyzed in chapter 3. Gewuzhizhi, the belief that one could acquire knowledge through the study of matters, which was widely discouraged until the latter part of the Joseon dynasty, started to gain recognition as good practice. Such change of perception led to the birth of byeok (็, obsession) and to the rise of collectors and naturalists. Aspects of natural history were found in gardening culture and horticulture, as flower collection became widespread and rare flowers and plants gained popularity. Conducting historical research into flowers, observing and naming of flowers also became popular. Thus, it may be said that toward the end of the Joseon dynasty, functions of botanical gardens, such as flower collection and research, were carried out at the gardens owned by aficionados.
The concept and development of botanical gardens in the early modern period toward the end of the nineteenth century, in light of the institutionalization of natural history education, are examined in chapter 4. Gaewha thought, which was regarded as part of the effort directed toward national development, contributed to creating the notion that Korea must adopt Western culture to become a civilized country. Natural history education and other forms of Western culture were introduced to Korea, and the concept of botanical gardens found its way into Korean society via a similar route. The definition, characteristics, functional purposes of botanical gardens, as well as the need to establish botanical gardens were widely shared after the intellectuals of the Joseon dynasty visited Western countries during the early modern period. Thus, it may be said that the idea of botanical gardens, in the modern sense, was introduced and discussed at least in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
The Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden of the Japanese colonial period that was founded in light of the rise of plant taxonomy at the beginning of the twentieth century is studied in chapter 5. The purpose of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden was to further scientific research. However, it was not recognized as a prominent research institute in the academic circle at the time. The birth of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden can be understood in relation to the development of the discussion about taste (chwimi or shumi) and its relevance to the state of political or cultural enlightenment of Korea and Japan. Consequently, it may be said that the evolution of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden is less associated with the development of botany. The Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden, therefore, may be understood as a display and research institute that contributed to the enlightenment of the public by providing taste (chwimi or shumi) in relation to botany.
Research into the origin and development of Korean botanical gardens has led to the following conclusion. First, the idea of botanical gardens had already blossomed before the Japanese colonial period. Although such functions as botany research, education and display were not carried out by Jong-yakjeon, the royal medicinal herb farms work of collecting herbal plants has been brought to light. Moreover, although such functions as botanical education and display were not present in the features of the gardens owned by aficionados, the gardens collection of a wide variety of plants, including herbal plants, and their characteristic of providing opportunities to explore natural history have been identified. Also, it has been found that the term botanical garden (sikmulwon) appeared in the early modern period before the Japanese colonial period. Furthermore, although it remained as a discussion, the idea of botanical gardens was formed, and claims made in support of establishing a botanical garden before the Japanese colonial period have been identified. Thus, it may be said that the physic gardens, gardens used for exploring flowers, and the discussions on the idea of botanical gardens provide evidence in support of the claim that the concept of botanical gardens blossomed before the Japanese colonial period. Second, botanical gardens did not evolve from one entity. Circumstances that led to the development of Jong-yakjeon, gardens owned by aficionados, discussions about botanical gardens in the early modern period, principal agents that led the construction of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden, and the birth of the garden itself were not the same. Thus, it may be said that the development process of Korean botanical gardens was discontinuous and sporadic.
The study of identifying the origin of Korean botanical gardens, involving the Jong-yakjeon, aficionados gardens, intellectuals writings on trips to Western botanical gardens during the early modern period, and the creation of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden carries a message for contemporary botanical gardenswhich is, the botanical gardens reason for existence. Indeed, botanical gardens provided the basis for knowledge production and knowledge dissemination. They were the product of efforts directed toward revolutionizing old systems and adopting new ideas and new systems, and a means for promoting good taste and cultural refinement. In other words, the history of Korean botanical gardens is proof supporting the botanical gardens role as a platform aimed at creating a better life.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1. Research Background and Purpose 1
2. Research Scope and Method 6
3. Related Literature and Studies 16
Chapter 2. Physic Gardens in the Age of Herbal Medicine Study, 13-15 Century 21
1. Herbal Study and Systems in Ancient Times 21
Medicine and Herbal Study 21
The Interest in Native Herbs and Yakpo in the Late Goryeo Dynasty 26
2. The Jong-yakjeon in the Joseon Dynasty 32
King Sejongs Hyangyak Policy 32
Jong-yakjeon: Increase and Localization of Medicinal Herbs 37
3. Conclusion: Benevolent Kings Medicinal Herb Garden 47
Chapter 3. Gardens of Aficionados in the Age of Natural History, 18-19 Century 50
1. The Emergence of Natural History and Aficionados 50
New Intellectual Paradigm: Natural History 50
The Pursuit of Byeok: From Wawusangzhi to Gewuzhizhi 58
The Emergence of Aficionados: Dilettantes and Connoisseurs 61
2. Gardens of Aficionados 68
Changes in Gardens and Horticulture in the Late Joseon Dynasty 68
Byeok for Flowers: Collection and Observation 72
Ryu Bak and Baekhwaam 83
3. Conclusion: Gentlemens Repository of Flowers and Knowledge 102
Chapter 4. Visits to Botanical Gardens in the Age of Enlightenment, 1876-1910 105
1. The Civilization and Enlightenment Movement and the Expansion of Knowledge 105
The Rise of Natural History as a New Thought 105
The Rise and Spread of Gaehwa Thought 109
Exploration of the West and the Pursuit of Civilization 112
2. Visits to Botanical Gardens in the World 120
Korean Delegations' Visits to Botanical Gardens 120
Overseas Students' Visits to Botanical Gardens 137
3. Conclusion: Western Gardens and Models of Civilization 147
Chapter 5. The Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden in the Age of Plant Taxonomy, 1910-1945 150
1. Botanical Research at the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden 150
Establishment of the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden 150
The Rise of Korean Botany and Botanists 159
2. Developing Taste at the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden 173
Shumi: Colonial Politics and Botanical Gardens 176
Chwimi: Men of Culture and Botanical Gardens 184
3. Conclusion: Colonial People, Modern Citizens and the Changgyeongwon Botanical Garden 195
Chapter. 6 Conclusion 198
KOREAN VERSION 207
BIBLIOGRAPHY 372
ABBREVIATIONS 393
GLOSSARY 394
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 397Docto
Study on Growth of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides on Graphene: The Interface-Driven Defects and Properties Relationship
Department of Materials Science and EngineeringVertically stacked heterostructures based on the different types of two-dimensional (2D) materials via van der Waals (vdW) interaction have been extensively researched due to their novel properties beyond the limitations of individual 2D materials. The development of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method enables the fabrication of various vdW heterostructures with clean interface and mass production, compared to the conventional multiple transfer method. Given the 2D nature of these materials, the interface intrinsically plays an important role in modulating or modifying their properties. For example, graphene placed on hexagonal boron nitride shows high charge carrier mobility, but a non-negligible interaction leads to the observation of ???Hofstadter???s butterfly???. In addition, in the case of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), the transition from the direct band gap to the indirect band gap is apparent when the thickness increases due to the interface effect. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the impact of the interface on the intrinsic characteristics and performances of the vdW heterostructures is required in order to design desirable properties and expand the scope of applications of the vdW heterostructure.
It is well known that the structural features of the underlying substrate significantly affect the growth behavior and even the unique properties of the heterostructures. Therefore, in this dissertation, I studied novel defects in TMDs induced by an underlying graphene template with various structural features. For this research, I prepared 3 types of graphene templates: 1) Pristine, 2) wrinkle-rich, and 3) nanocrystalline graphene (ncG). Pristine graphene is a good substrate for synthesizing TMDs without dangling bonds and without friction. In addition, when TMDs grow on pristine graphene, the anti-phase boundaries (APBs) of the TMDs are generated more predominantly than the tilted grain boundaries (GBs) due to vdW epitaxial growth. Using this heterostructure, we discovered the anisotropic features of the APBs according to transition-metal-facing (saw-toothed) or chalcogen-facing (straight) APBs, and both types of APBs show metallic properties despite different in-plane charge mobility. Wrinkles in graphene cause significant friction due to out-of-plane deformation and result in AB/AC stacking boundaries (SBs) in epi-TMD layer driven by Shockley partial dislocations. AB/AC SB has a buckled structure for releasing in-plane strain and results in monolayer-like behavior by reducing interlayer coupling. Finally, ncG has lots of dangling bond based active sites for multilayer growth. Due to the diffusion limited growth regime on the ncG template, the synthesized WSe2 domain shows a fractal morphology with many Se-terminated edge states. The WSe2/ncG heterostructure shows a downshifted work function similar to the valence band maximum of WSe2, resulting in a small Schottky barrier height at the metal-semiconductor-junction.
Interface-driven novel defects and their corresponding properties are mainly observed using multi-mode of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and other surface analysis tools (e.g. Raman, x-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy). Theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations and TEM image simulations were supported to identify thermodynamically stable defect configurations and to confirm the exact atomic structures of novel defects. These studies could provide a systematic understanding of defect engineering, especially interface-driven defect formation mechanisms, atomic configurations, and their corresponding properties. It could pave the way for achieving and expanding the manipulation and commercialization of 2D material-based devices via defect engineering.clos
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