152 research outputs found
Syntax-Driven Machine Translation as a Model of ESL Revision
Abstract In this work, we model the writing revision process of English as a Second Language (ESL) students with syntax-driven machine translation methods. We compare two approaches: tree-to-string transformation
Rapid and sensitive insulated isothermal PCR for point-of-need feline leukaemia virus detection
Objectives: Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), a gamma retrovirus, causes diseases of the feline haematopoietic system that are invariably fatal. Rapid and accurate testing at the point-of-need (PON) supports prevention of virus spread and management of clinical disease. This study evaluated the performance of an insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) that detects proviral DNA, and a reverse transcription (RT)-iiPCR that detects both viral RNA and proviral DNA, for FeLV detection at the PON. Methods: Mycoplasma haemofelis, feline coronavirus, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline immunodeficiency virus were used to test analytical specificity. In vitro transcribed RNA, artificial plasmid, FeLV strain American Type Culture Collection VR-719 and a clinical FeLV isolate were used in the analytical sensitivity assays. A retrospective study including 116 clinical plasma and serum samples that had been tested with virus isolation, real-time PCR and ELISA, and a prospective study including 150 clinical plasma and serum samples were implemented to evaluate the clinical performances of the iiPCR-based methods for FeLV detection. Results: Ninety-five percent assay limit of detection was calculated to be 16 RNA and five DNA copies for the RT-iiPCR, and six DNA copies for the iiPCR. Both reactions had analytical sensitivity comparable to a reference real-time PCR (qPCR) and did not detect five non-target feline pathogens. The clinical performance of the RT-iiPCR and iiPCR had 98.82% agreement (kappa[Îș] = 0.97) and 100% agreement (Îș = 1.0), respectively, with the qPCR (n = 85). The agreement between an automatic nucleic extraction/RT-iiPCR system and virus isolation to detect FeLV in plasma or serum was 95.69% (Îș = 0.95) and 98.67% (Îș = 0.85) in a retrospective (n = 116) and a prospective (n = 150) study, respectively. Conclusions and relevance: These results suggested that both RT-iiPCR and iiPCR assays can serve as reliable tools for PON FeLV detection
Evaluating Translational Correspondence using Annotation Projection
Recently, statistical machine translation models have begun to take
advantage of higher level linguistic structures such as syntactic
dependencies. Underlying these models is an assumption about the
directness of translational correspondence between sentences in the
two languages; however, the extent to which this assumption is valid
and useful is not well understood. In this paper, we present an
empirical study that quantifies the degree to which syntactic
dependencies are preserved when parses are projected directly from
English to Chinese. Our results show that although the direct
correspondence assumption is often too restrictive, a small set of
principled, elementary linguistic transformations can boost the
quality of the projected Chinese parses by 76\% relative to the
unimproved baseline.
UMIACS-TR-2003-25
LAMP-TR-100
Corrected Co-training for Statistical Parsers
Corrected co-training (Pierce & Cardie, 2001) and the closely related co-testing (Muslea et al., 2000) are active learning methods which exploit redundant views to reduce the cost of manually creating labeled training data. We extend these methods to statistical parsing algorithms for natural language. Because creating complex parse structures by hand is significantly more timeconsuming than selecting labels from a small set, it may be easier for the human to correct the learnerâs partially accurate output rather than generate the complex label from scratch. The goal of our work is to minimize the number of corrections that the annotator must make. To reduce the human effort in correcting machine parsed sentences, we propose a novel approach, which we call one-sided corrected co-training and show that this method requires only a third as many manual annotation decisions as corrected co-training/co-testing to achieve the same improvement in performance. 1
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Parsing Arabic Dialects
The Arabic language is a collection of spoken dialects with important phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic differences, along with a standard written language, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Since the spoken dialects are not officially written, it is very costly to obtain adequate corpora to use for training dialect NLP tools such as parsers. In this paper, we address the problem of parsing transcribed spoken Levantine Arabic (LA). We do not assume the existence of any annotated LA corpus (except for development and testing), nor of a parallel corpus LA-MSA. Instead, we use explicit knowledge about the relation between LA and MSA
Migalastat HCl reduces globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) in Fabry transgenic mice and in the plasma of Fabry patients
Fabry disease (FD) results from mutations in the gene ( GLA ) that encodes the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A), and involves pathological accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb 3 ). Migalastat hydrochloride (GR181413A) is a pharmacological chaperone that selectively binds, stabilizes, and increases cellular levels of α-Gal A. Oral administration of migalastat HCl reduces tissue GL-3 in Fabry transgenic mice, and in urine and kidneys of some FD patients. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to measure lyso-Gb 3 in mouse tissues and human plasma. Oral administration of migalastat HCl to transgenic mice reduced elevated lyso-Gb 3 levels up to 64%, 59%, and 81% in kidney, heart, and skin, respectively, generally equal to or greater than observed for GL-3. Furthermore, baseline plasma lyso-Gb 3 levels were markedly elevated in six male FD patients enrolled in Phase 2 studies. Oral administration of migalastat HCl (150 mg QOD) reduced urine GL-3 and plasma lyso-Gb 3 in three subjects (range: 15% to 46% within 48 weeks of treatment). In contrast, three showed no reductions in either substrate. These results suggest that measurement of tissue and/or plasma lyso-Gb 3 is feasible and may be warranted in future studies of migalastat HCl or other new potential therapies for FD
Two different types of malignant fibrous histiocytomas from pet dogs
We describe 2 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) that spontaneously developed in young pet dogs. To classify these tumors, we applied a panel of antibodies (vimentin, desmin, α-SMA, and ED1) and Azan staining for collagen. The MFHs were most consistent with osteoclast-like giant and inflammatory cell types. The first case had positive staining for ED1 and vimentin, and given the osteoclast-like giant cells, calcification sites accompanying peripheral giant cell infiltrates. The latter case, the inflammatory cell type, exhibited a storiform-pleomorphic variant of neoplastic cells, including an ossifying matrix. MFHs are among the most highly aggressive tumors occurring in soft tissue sarcomas in elderly dogs; however, MFHs have been poorly studied from a diagnostic point of view. Herein, we describe the histologic and immunohistologic features of MFHs in detail, thus classifying the subtypes of these tumors
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