Emotie en filmmuziek

Dit boekje vormt de neerslag van het seminarie filmmuziek in oktober 2006 en reflecteert over de bedenkingen en stellingen die tijdens dit seminarie werden geformuleerd. Op initiatief van het IAK- het steunpunt voor de audiovisuele kunsten in Vaanderen

Het geluid als een innerlijke beweging in de overdracht van een ervaring in de film : Een fenomenologische benadering

Een cineast kan een toeschouwer/ luisteraar in de waarneming van een film sturen: door de keuzes van de geluiden die hij wel of niet laat horen, door de nuances in de geluiden zelf, door de opbouw van auditieve ruimtes, de compositie van geluiden en tenslotte door de mixage. Niet alleen een geluid toevoegen of wegnemen maar ook een kleine nuance in het geluid zelf, kan een grote impact hebben op de beleving en de waarneming van een film. Huvenne wil juist dat aspect in het geluid van een film dat niet onmiddellijk wordt waargenomen, maar dat bepalend en motiverend kan zijn voor de filmwaarneming in haar geheel, bespreekbaar maken en zo een bijdrage leveren aan de filmtheorie en tot de artistieke filmpraktijk

Brenneria salicis, the bacterium causing watermark disease in willow, resides as an endophyte in wood

Brenneria salicis has been studied in willow wood only in relation to watermark disease. In this pathogenic condition, the bacterium occurs at high concentrations. Pathogenicity of B. salicis is still uncontrollable and the disease unpredictable because the plant-bacteria interaction is not understood. Thanks to molecular techniques B. salicis can be detected at low concentrations, which are found in most non-pathogenic interactions. Brenneria salicis was identified and traced with a new specific three-primer polymerase chain reaction and its identity and relative concentration in biological samples confirmed through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling. Brenneria salicis was found in symptomless willows sampled randomly in Flanders agricultural areas, in young nursery willows, and also in poplar (Populus) and alder (Alnus). It harboured the nitrogenase reductase gene NifH and promoted growth and chlorophyll in willow. Inoculated luminescence-marked B. salicis circulated through the whole plant without inducing disease and exuded at the leaf margins. Other willow endophytes identified were Rahnella, Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium. In conclusion, because endophytic B. salicis is generally observed in willow, disease must not be dependent on infection. Leaf-to-leaf spread is proposed as an important mechanism for spread of B. salicis

Watermark disease in willow and its relation to Brenneria salicis dominance in the wood

A

Real-time PCR mediated monitoring of Fusarium foetens in symptomatic and non-symptomatic hosts

Fusarium foetens is a recently described aggressive vascular pathogen of Begonia x hiemalis. Since 2004, it has caused severe losses for Begonia growers in Northern Europe and North America. F. foetens is likely to be of exotic origin. Little is known about the accumulation of the fungus in Begonia plants before and during symptom expression and about its host range. We have optimised a molecular detection method for F. foetens by only using the plant part containing the largest amount of the pathogen and by optimising the tissue maceration and DNA extraction techniques. This allowed a reliable detection limit of 2310 spore equivalents per plant and a theoretical detection limit of as low as 84 to 167 spore equivalents per plant. Using this method, we demonstrated exponential accumulation of F. foetens DNA in Begonia roots, resulting in symptoms at a threshold of approximately 10(7) spore equivalents and levelling off at 10(9) spore equivalents per plant. The observed rate of accumulation and the amount of pathogen DNA in non-symptomatic plants can be combined to determine whether the cuttings were infected after delivery at the Begonia nursery and to calculate the estimated timing of symptom development. To test the host range, we applied the optimised molecular detection technique. During these tests, only Begonia x hiemalis plants became symptomatic, but many other plant species supported growth of the pathogen. This information can be used to aid pathogen control and has implications for pest risk assessment

Nutritional imbalance caused by nitrogen excess is correlated with the occurrence of watermark disease in white willow

Willows in the Flemish region are threatened by the watermark disease, a wood disease caused by the bacterium Brenneria salicis (Hauben et al. Syst Appl Microbiol 21:384-397, 1998). Affected trees are observed to grow at specific sites which seem more sensitive to periodical watermark symptom development than other sites. In this study we aim at revealing abiotic site factors that could play a role in triggering the watermark disease. During three consecutive years we analyzed stands of young isogenic willows (Salix alba L. cv. Lichtenvoorde), which were planted on four different sites in an agricultural environment. These test sites were chosen, based on the occurrence/absence of watermark disease in the old willows that grow on these sites. Two sites had old willow pollards with clear watermark symptoms, and on the two other sites the old willows were unaffected. Differences in abiotic characteristics between the sites were analysed and their effects on the nutrient status in willow were measured in the isogenic willows that were newly planted. Brenneria salicis-specific multiplex PCR revealed the presence of this pathogenic bacterium in both the old and the freshly planted young willows. At each site, the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and groundwater were investigated; the young tree growth was monitored and nutritional status of the willow plantings was assessed by foliar analysis. Physical soil properties including soil type and profile water availability, and chemical soil analysis were unable to explain differences between healthy and affected sites. Diseased sites, however, had significantly higher N concentrations and traces of herbicides in the groundwater. In young trees, foliar levels of N and S were always greater at the affected sites, while P contents were lower. Dry mass based N concentration in the leaves of the newly planted trees increased systematically over the years, but more at affected than at healthy sites. Also, chlorophyll content was significantly greater at the affected sites. Growth rate of the young isogenic trees was twice as fast at the diseased sites. The presented data suggest that application of fertilisers in agriculture causes an imbalance in the nutritional status of Salix alba L. Excess nitrogen makes this species fast-growing, reflected by an average foliar N:P ratio >10, and more susceptible for watermark disease, indicated by an average foliar N:Ca ratio exceeding 1.5