Relationship between Crime and Economic Conditions in Sindh: A Time Series Approach from 1984-2015

Using the time series data from 1984 to 2015, this study attempts to explore Sindh economic situation and the relationship between criminal activities. Three Variables are used for economic conditions, such as crime rate, dropout ratio and unemployment. We check their relationship with the reported crime. Enhanced Dicky Fuller test for unit root process indicates that all variables are stationary at the first level. For long-term relationships, Johanson-Cointegration technology has been applied. The results of the statistical process show that dropout ratio and unemployment are closely related to crime.VCM has been applied to check the short-run relationship between the variables. VCM results suggested that the model we estimate is divergent. Divergent model mean that there is no adjustment from long-run to short-run between variables as they are going away, if we increase the lag length, the model can become divergent but due to crime data unavailability it was difficult to increase the observations and the lags as well. Study gives evidence that economic conditions have significant impact on crimes and increasing dropout which is Positive related with crime in Sindh. It is also shown that the crime is influenced by economic condition. Government is capable to reduce that threat through effective target policies and legislation. The empirical results of this study will enhance understanding of the role of public sector policy formation in promoting national productive capacity by uplifting the positive effect of the Sindh economy

Relationship between Volatility of Economics Variables and Economics Growth

Economic growth of an economy is defined as the steady state path through which the productivity of an economy is improved and increases the levels of national output and income. The government consumption expenditures and investment play a key role in the process of investigating the macroeconomic performance of an economy and determinants of economic growth. The countries which grow quickly, invest a substantial fraction of their GDP for consumption expenditures as well for the sources which encourage private investment. The objective of this study to calculate the volatility in economics growth in Pakistan. The annual time series data are used from 1975 to 2014 from WDI, Economics survey of Pakistan and Hand Book of Statistics. GARCH model has been used to measure volatility of all variables. The empirical results of the study confirmed that the volatility of the different variables (volatility of inflation, volatility of interest rate, volatility of political instability, volatility of GDP, and volatility of foreign direct investment) significant affect the government consumption expenditures and private investment in the economy of Pakistan. The study analyzed data by using the autoregressive distributive lag model which is mainly used in time series data Econometrics to estimate the non-stationary models with mix order of integration. The estimated results of the study evaluated that volatility of the inflation lead to uncertainty which is also suggested by the Able (1980) and negatively affect the economy consumption expenditures as well as private investment in the economy of Pakistan. Because uncertainty directly affects the cost of capital as well as reduce private investor confidence

Simulation based medical education; teaching normal delivery on intermediate fidelity simulator to medical students

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of medium fidelity simulator in teaching normal vaginal delivery to medical students. Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the professional development centre of the Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, from June to December 2015, and comprised medical students. Third-year medical students were included. They were divided into two groups. Group A was taught normal delivery through traditional PowerPoint and group B through simulator. The instruments used for assessing knowledge were pre-test and post-test, for skills of labour/delivery checklist of performance was used, and perception forms were filled to evaluate workshops/learning environment by students. Results: Of the 76 participants, there were 36(47.4%) in group A and 40(52.6%) in group B. The overall mean age of the participants was 20.86±0.76 years in group B and 20.60±0.95 years in group A (p=0.19). The mean grade point average of the participants was 2.89±0.47 in group A and 2.87±0.48 in group B (p=0.81).Group B performed much better in skill of delivery having a mean score of 8.91±3.20compared to group A which had mean of 5.67±1.84 (p\u3c0.01).Conclusion: Simulation-based skill learning showed significantly better results

Do women with benign versus malignant ovarian masses demonstrate variable clinical presentation?

Background: Early diagnosis of ovarian tumors is a challenge due to variable presentation. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancers aids in timely management and better clinical outcomes. Aim of study was to determine the different clinical presentations of ovarian tumors and compare those in benign tumors versus malignancies.Methods: Clinical data of all women operated for ovarian masses was extracted from case files at a tertiary care centre and evaluated and clinical features compared in women with benign versus malignant tumors.  Results: We found 50 cases of ovarian tumors with 26% malignancies. The mean age was 38.48+14.9 years. Malignancies were significantly common in menopausal than menstruating (χ2=13.57, p=0.001, fishers exact). Pain was the commonest symptom and combined lumbar and iliac pain was reported in 67% cases. The location of pain was not significantly different in women with malignancy compared to those with benign tumors (likelihood ratio χ2=7.93, p=0.24). The odds of reporting a mass in abdomen were significantly greater in women with cancers than benign tumors (OR= 4.9, 95%CI 1.07-24.06, p=0.01). More women with cancer had history of distension of abdomen compared to women with benign tumors (χ2=9.43, p=0.002).Conclusions: Lumbar pain is most frequent complaint in women with ovarian pathology. Symptoms of distension in abdomen or presence of lump in abdomen are a significant guide to alert the physician regarding possibility of malignancy must be evaluated without delay

Uterine scar rupture at the site of the placenta accreta presenting as a case of sudden death

Uterine rupture during pregnancy is a known complication of placenta accreta. This paper presents a case of sudden maternal death in the 27th week of gestation due to a ruptured uterine scar at the site of placenta accreta with a short inter-pregnancy period of 6 months with previous two C-sections. Autopsy findings revealed a massive hemoperitoneum and a thinned out anterolateral uterine wall. Internal examination revealed clotted and fluid blood in the peritoneal cavity with rupture of the anterior uterine wall at the site of the placenta accreta in a healed cesarean section scar. Placenta accreta is a rare complication of pregnancy. However, it is becoming more frequent and a significant risk factor with the increasing rate of C-section

Comparison Of Isoconazole Nitrate Versus Nystatin For The Treatment Of Otomycosis

Objective: To compare the efficacy and local adverse effects of Isoconazole Nitrate versus Nystatin for the treatment of patients having Otomycosis  Sudy Design: Group experimental study. Study Setting & Duration: Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery at Rawalpindi Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi.  Duration of study was 6 months after approval by Ethical Committee from Feb 2023 to july 2023 Materials and Methods: Total of 64 patients were selected.  The study participants were individuals who, according to operational definitions had Otomycosis and who had presented for evaluation at the Department of Otolaryngology Rawalpindi teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi. They also met all inclusion and exclusion criteria requirements and these requirements were strictly adhered to in order to control confounders and bias. Isoconazole nitrate ointment was used to treat patients in Group A and Nystatin ointment was used to treat instances in Group B.  Patients were chosen by randomization using lottery method. SPSS 28 was used to determine the frequencies in the data. Results: 64 individuals (32 cases in each group) were chosen for the study by the ENT outpatient clinic. Out of which 33 (51.6%) being female and 31 (48.1) being male. The age ranged from 12 to 80 years, with a mean age of 44.29 ±19.13. After two weeks, there was a substantial improvement in 25 (39.06%) of the group A patients (p=0.08), a moderate improvement in 7 (10.9%), and a minor improvement in 5 (7.81%) patients (p=0.37) while in group B exhibited a substantial improvement in just 19 (10.9%) (p=0.08), a moderate improvement in 9 (39.0%) (p=0.38), and a small improvement in 7 (42.19%) (p=0.37). After four weeks 21 (32.81%) in Group B showed insignificant improvement, while 26 (40.63%) in Group A exhibited better improvement than Group B. The treatment for group A, which included isoconazole nitrate, was substantially more successful than the Nystatin treatment for group B. Isoconazole was found insignificantly more effective than   (p=0.08). The  majority of patients in both groups didn't notice any adverse  . Conclusion: Nystatin was shown to be significantly less efficacious than isoconazole nitrate ointment in treating otomycosis

Biological evaluation of potent antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibitor and antibacterial: A comparative study

AbstractThree biologically active new Schiff bases, 2-[(3-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenol 5, 2-[(4-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenol 6 and 4-[(2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-diol 7, were synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminophenol 1 with three different hydroxyl-benzaldehydes 2–4. They were characterized by spectroscopic analysis (IR, 1H NMR, EI-MS) along with elemental analyses. The products were biological screened out for antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibition, antibacterial and urease inhibition activities. The compounds 5 and 6 showed potent while 7 showed moderate antioxidant activity. Compound 6 showed potent whereas 5 and 7 showed significant lipoxygenase inhibition activity. All the target compounds showed excellent activities against Staphylococcus intermedius, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria. All the compounds showed non-significant activity against urease enzyme