In-vitro comparison of micro-leakage between nanocomposite and microhybrid composite In class v cavities treated with The self-etch technique

Abstract BACKGROUND: When a light cure composite resin is used to restore a class V lesion, certain stresses are generated at the tooth-restoration interface. If these stresses exceed the bond strength of the restorative material, microscopic gaps are formed which eventually cause micro-leakage at the tooth-restoration interface. The objective of the present study was to compare the micro-leakage values at the tooth-restoration interface using dye penetration method between a Nano filled and a Micro hybrid light cured composite resin in class V cavities using the self-etch technique. METHODS: Sixty class V cavities were made coronal to the cemento-enamel junction in the extracted premolars. These were then randomly divided into two study groups. Group A: Self-etch; filled with P-60 (microhybrid) n=30. Group B: Self-etch; filled with Z-350 (nano-filled) n=30. Specimens were subjected to thermo-cycling at 5-55 °C±2 °C with a 30 seconds dwell time. After which they were stained with 2% methylene blue. Later, sectioned bucco-lingually and examined using a stereo microscope (magnification X4) at the occlusal, axial and gingival surfaces. Micro-leakage around the toothrestoration interface was assessed by using the degree of dye penetration in millimetres. RESULTS: There was 100% micro leakage seen at both the occlusal and gingival surfaces when using the P-60 composite. With the Z-350 composite 84% occlusal and 88% of the gingival surfaces exhibited microleakage.. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to micro-leakage in class V cavities, Z-350 was found to be a superior restorative material compared to P-60 on the occlusal surface. Overall, there is no statistically significant difference in the micro-leakage exhibited by the two restorative materials in class V preparations subjected to self-etch protoco

Clinicopathological features of different Histopathological Subtypes and Stages of Wilms Tumor

Introduction: Wilms tumor is the most common pediatric renal neoplasm. Following preoperative therapy, various histological subtypes, risks and clinical stages are determined as per following SIOP 2001 protocol. To determine the clinicopathological features of different histopathological subtypes and stages of Wilms tumor after completing course of preoperative as well as postoperative chemotherapy following SIOP 2001 protocol. Methodology: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study and sample size calculated by non-probability technique. Ninety-three patients with abdominal masses in the Hematology/Oncology Department were included. After radiological and histopathological diagnosis, four weeks of preoperative chemotherapy, given to patients, followed by partial and radical nephrectomies by surgical team. Specimens received in Histopathology Department grossed and microscopically examined for different post chemotherapy histological subtypes. Further risk categorization and clinicopathological staging in accordance with SIOP 2001, done after completion of treatment. Patients called for yearly follow up for the next five years. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Mean age of ninety-three children was 44.4 months + 30.92with predominance of males (55.9%) and more common in right sided kidney (55.9%). Majority patients completed the entire course of treatment (77.4%). Majority were intermediate risk tumors (76.3%) and most common histological subtype was Mixed Tumor subtype (23.4%). In our study majority, tumors were stage III (48.3%) and patients died due to febrile neutropenia (9.6%) Conclusion: In our study the majority of patients completed the entire course of treatment and relapse was fairly less. Patients lost to follow up after nephrectomy and deaths at home caused by febrile neutropenia were our major challenges.

Knowledge of nurses on neonatal sepsis: a tertiary teaching hospital-based study

Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized newborns and premature infants. Therefore, knowledge of essential newborn Care (ENC) is important for a newborn's survival, growth and development. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding essential newborn care in our Special Care Neonatal Unit (SCNU). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st September 2021 and 30th November 2021 among the nurses working in SNCU of Government Medical College and Hospital (GMC), Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Data were was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire by purposive sample. Collected data were checked, and coding was done and analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Results: 72.0 % of nurses were of the age group of 21–30 years. The majority (74 %) were females, 78 % had completed B Sc Nursing, and 66 % had experience of 2 to 4 years. Most of the nurses had good knowledge about ENC, about basic equipment’s used in SNCU, and about advanced equipment’s or procedures had less knowledge. All nurses answered bacteria correctly as a causative organism of neonatal sepsis. Conclusions: Most of the nurses working in the SCNU of GMC Doda had good knowledge regarding ENC. The knowledge appeared irrespective of their age, gender, religion, educational status, working place and special courses/training in neonatology

High-Risk Histopathological Features of Retinoblastoma following Primary Enucleation: A Global Study of 1426 Patients from 5 Continents

Purpose: To evaluate high-risk histopathological features (HRHF) following primary enucleation of eyes with retinoblastoma (RB) and assess the patient outcomes across continents // Methods: Retrospective study of 1426 primarily enucleated RB eyes from five continents // Results: Of all, 923 (65%) were from Asia (AS), 27 (2%) from Australia (AUS), 120 (8%) from Europe (EUR), 162 (11%) from North America (NA), and 194 (14%) from South America (SA). Based on the continent (AS vs. AUS vs. EUR vs. NA vs. SA), the histopathology features included massive choroidal invasion (31% vs. 7% vs. 13% vs. 19% vs. 27%, p=0.001), post-laminar optic nerve invasion (27% vs. 0% vs. 16% vs. 21% vs. 19%, p=0.0006), scleral infiltration (5% vs. 0% vs. 4% vs. 2% vs. 7%, p=0.13), and microscopic extrascleral infiltration (4% vs. 0% vs. <1% vs. <1% vs. 4%, p=0.68). Adjuvant chemotherapy with/without orbital radiotherapy was given in 761 (53%) patients. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates in different continents (AS vs. AUS vs. EUR vs. NA vs. SA), the 6-year risk of orbital tumor recurrence was 5% vs. 2% vs. 0% vs. 0% vs. 12% (p<0.001), systemic metastasis was reported in 8% vs. 5% vs. 2% vs. 0% vs. 13% (p=0.001), and death in 10% vs. 3% vs. 2% vs. 0% vs. 11% (p<0.001) patients. // Conclusion: There is a wide variation in the infiltrative histopathology features of RB across continents, resulting in variable outcomes. SA and AS had a higher risk of orbital tumor recurrence, systemic metastasis, and death compared to AUS, EUR, and NA

Guidelines for the Treatment of Severe and Critical Cases of COVID-19

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Pediatric craniopharyngioma with a rare presentation of tooth enamel like structures - a case report

Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a rare tumor accounting for &lt;1% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. We herein report a case of a 2.5 years old male child &nbsp;diagnosed with supra-sellar tumor on prenatal ultrasound. Histologically, the tumor had tooth enamel like structures, one of the rarest finding in the literature. &nbsp;This case from Pakistan is hereby reported as a seventh such case world-wide. Our patient is a rare presentation of an antenatal diagnosis of CP with World Health Organization (WHO) grade I.</p

MAGNITUDE of IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA AMONG CHILDREN IN DODA (JAMMU AND KASHMIR),INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

ABSTRACT Background:&nbsp; Iron has a pivotal role in child’s neurodevelopment and cognition and its deficiency is considered detrimental to both. Data on prevalence and risk factors for iron deficiency anaemia in Doda is scarce and current study is conducted to find out the prevalence among children aging 6 months to 12 years. Objective: The goal of our study was to determine the magnitude, prevalence and severity of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among children in Doda, J&amp;K, india. Methodology: &nbsp;It was a prospective, cross sectional, multistage hospital based, out-patient department study of apparently healthy children who visited our Hospital/ OPD clinic for follow up from different regions of district Doda from 1st February 2021 till 28th February 2022. A total of 500 children aging 6 months to 12 years were included in the study. Socio-demographic data was collected using a structured questionnaire. 5ml of venous blood sample was collected for CBC. HB level was estimated along with indices. Anaemia was classified into mild (≤12g/dl - &gt;10g/dl), moderate (≤10g/dl - &gt;7g/dl) and severe (≤7g/dl), respectively. Microcytic hypochromic picture using indices was considered for labelling Iron deficiency. Dietary pattern of children was assessed using questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were done. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Overall, prevalence of anemia was 77.4%. Out of total vegetarians 60.1% were anaemic. Poor family status particularly families with low income &lt; 5000 Rs per month and less education were more prone to develop anemia. Other important predictor of IDA was no anti parasitic medications in 60.4%. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia in children apparently seems less severe public health problem, however its consequences are disastrous and a huge burden on health, wealth and manpower. Parents need special counselling sessions for understanding its magnitude. Recommendation to put preventive strategies in place and mass awareness of people about the consequences of iron deficiency anemia should be made

Phenolic profiling and therapeutic potential of local flora of Azad Kashmir; In vitro enzyme inhibition and antioxidant

The current study supports the phytochemical screening, evaluation of antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential and correlations between antioxidant activities and phenolics of Rumex dentatus (Family: Polygonaceae), Mentha spicata (Family: Lamiaceae), Withania somnifera (Family: Solanaceae), Nerium indicum (Family: Apocynaceae) and Artemisia scoparia (Family: Asteraceae). The herbal materials were extracted in ethanol (90%) and partitioned between several solvents based on polarities. Total phenols were determined with FC method and ranged 21.33 ± 1.53 - 355.67 ± 6.03 mg GAE/ mg of the extract. Antioxidant activities (DPPH, total iron reducing capacity, phosphomolybdate assay & FRAP) and enzyme inhibition potential (Protease, AChE & BChE) were performed by the standard protocols. The results showed that all extracts exhibited significant DPPH activity ranging from 12.67 ± 2.08 - 92.67 ± 1.53%. The extracts that were active in DPPH activity also potrayed marvelous FRAP, total iron reducing and phosphomolybdate values. Correlation studies of antioxidant activities and the content of phenolic compounds in plant materials exhibited positive correlation between them. The outcome of enzyme inhibition activity exhibited that about 80% of the fractions under surveillance plants intimated more than 50% inhibition. Isolation of bioactive compounds from these plants is in progress

Estimation Spatial Distribution of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) in Groundwater of Tando Muhammad Khan Pakistan

This study was conducted to evaluate factors regulating groundwater quality in an area with agriculture as main use. Water samples for determining the water quality were collected in one liter polyethylene bags by observing standard sample collection method. It was ensured that sample collection sites must be at least 500 feet away from each other.Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were determined from the collected water and it was observed that in Tando Muhammad Khan taluka, the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the samples ranged from 11.06 to 53.29, the highest (53.29) SAR was in UC Tando Saindad, while lowest (11.06) in the sample collected from UC-2 of Tando Muhammad Khan. The Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) in 36 collected groundwater samples ranged from 0.61 to 5.15 meq/l, the highest (5.15 meq/l) was in UC Tando Saindad, while lowest (0.61) in the sample collected from UC-3 of Tando Muhammad Khan.It was concluded that the SAR levels of groundwater samples indicated an alarming situation and most of the ground-water samples had SAR

Estimation Spatial Distribution of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) in Groundwater of Tando Muhammad Khan Pakistan

This study was conducted to evaluate factors regulating groundwater quality in an area with agriculture as main use. Water samples for determining the water quality were collected in one liter polyethylene bags by observing standard sample collection method. It was ensured that sample collection sites must be at least 500 feet away from each other.Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were determined from the collected water and it was observed that in Tando Muhammad Khan taluka, the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the samples ranged from 11.06 to 53.29, the highest (53.29) SAR was in UC Tando Saindad, while lowest (11.06) in the sample collected from UC-2 of Tando Muhammad Khan. The Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) in 36 collected groundwater samples ranged from 0.61 to 5.15 meq/l, the highest (5.15 meq/l) was in UC Tando Saindad, while lowest (0.61) in the sample collected from UC-3 of Tando Muhammad Khan.It was concluded that the SAR levels of groundwater samples indicated an alarming situation and most of the ground-water samples had SAR