MFC performance.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Power generation in fed-batch mode with acetate (Ac, cycle 1 to 7) and a mixture of acetate/leachate (Ac+Lch, cycle 8 to 12) as the carbon source. (<b>B</b>) Polarization curves.</p

Differentially represented KOs in no-leachate and leachate metagenomes.

<p>The difference was shown in confidence intervals and <i>P</i> values based on the Welch’s <i>t</i>-test. (<b>A</b>): All differentially regulated KOs, and (<b>B</b>): Those differentially regulated KOs with a small effect size.</p

Bacterial temporal dynamics in the MFC.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Bacterial phyla composition as a function of MFC cycles that were labeled in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107460#pone-0107460-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. Duplicate community compositions were shown for cycles 3 to 12. OTUs less than 0.1% of total bacteria were excluded from the plot. (<b>B</b>) Taxonomic breakdown for Proteobacteria, the most abundant phyla. (<b>C</b>). Further taxonomic breakdown of Deltaproteobacteria to the genus level. (<b>D</b>). The proportions of <i>Geobacter</i> at different time points.</p

Change of community alpha diversity (measured as Shannon diversity) with time.

<p>Error bars represent standard error of the mean (n = 2).</p

The proportions of KEGG Orthologs (KO) in the no-leachate and leachate-metagenomes plotted on the y and x axes, respectively.

<p>Data points above the dashed line were KOs that were more abundant in no-leachate communities. Data points below the dashed line were KOs that were more abundant in leachate-fed communities.</p

Principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances.

<p>The cycle number (3 through 12) is labeled next to data points. The size of circles was proportional to the relative abundance of <i>Geobacter</i>. Ac: acetate, Ac+Lch: acetate-amended leachate.</p

Fed-batch cycle start and end CODs, and Coulombic recoveries in the electric current as a percentage of consumed or input electrons.

<p>Fed-batch cycle start and end CODs, and Coulombic recoveries in the electric current as a percentage of consumed or input electrons.</p

Fog on the channel? Six comparative lessons in unjust(ified) enrichment

This paper pays tribute to the textbook known as “Goff and Jones” by examining six themes raised by its current edition from a comparative—primarily German—perspective. They concern (1) the burden of proving the (absence of) basis; (2) the nature of the defendant’s enrichment and its proper valuation; (3) the identification of claimant and defendant in three-party situations, particularly in the case of countermanded bank transfers; (4) mistake in gratuitous transactions; (5) the illegality defence; and (6) rescission of executory contracts as a form of “proprietary” restitution

Additional file 1: of Rapid change of fecal microbiome and disappearance of Clostridium difficile in a colonized infant after transition from breast milk to cow milk

QIIME commands used to generate the principal coordinate plots. (TXT 2 kb

Lead Toxicity to the Performance, Viability, And Community Composition of Activated Sludge Microorganisms

Lead (Pb) is a prominent toxic metal in natural and engineered systems. Current knowledge on Pb toxicity to the activated sludge has been limited to short-term (≤24 h) toxicity. The effect of extended Pb exposure on process performance, bacterial viability, and community compositions remains unknown. We quantified the 24-h and 7-day Pb toxicity to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₃–N removal, bacterial viability, and community compositions using lab-scale experiments. Our results showed that 7-day toxicity was significantly higher than the short-term 24-h toxicity. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were more susceptible than the heterotrophs to Pb toxicity. The specific oxygen uptake rate responded quickly to Pb addition and could serve as a rapid indicator for detecting Pb pollutions. Microbial viability decreased linearly with the amount of added Pb at extended exposure. The bacterial community diversity was markedly reduced with elevated Pb concentrations. Surface analysis suggested that the adsorbed form of Pb could have contributed to its toxicity along with the dissolved form. Our study provides for the first time a systematic investigation of the effect of extended exposure of Pb on the performance and microbiology of aerobic treatment processes, and it indicates that long-term Pb toxicity has been underappreciated by previous studies